Fellow of the Royal Society

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Fellowship of the Royal Society
The Royal Society.jpg
Headquarters of the Royal Society in Carlton House Terrace in London
Awarded for"contributions to the improvement of natural knowledge"[1]
Sponsored byRoyal Society
Date1663 (1663)
LocationLondon
CountryUnited Kingdom
Total no. of FellowsApproximately 8000 in total[2] with 1707 living as of June 2019[3]
Websiteroyalsociety.org/fellows

Fellowship of the Royal Society (FRS, ForMemRS and HonFRS) is an award granted by the judges of the Royal Society of London to individuals who have made a 'substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge, including mathematics, engineering science, and medical science'.[1]

Isaac Newton was one of the earliest fellows of the Royal Society, elected in 1672

Fellowship of the Society, the oldest known scientific academy in continuous existence, is a significant honor. It has been awarded to many eminent scientists throughout history, including Isaac Newton (1672),[2] Charles Darwin (1839),[2] Michael Faraday (1824),[2] Ernest Rutherford (1903),[4] Srinivasa Ramanujan (1918),[5] Albert Einstein (1921),[6] Winston Churchill (1941), Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1944),[7] Dorothy Hodgkin (1947),[8] Alan Turing (1951)[9] and Francis Crick (1959).[10][11] More recently, fellowship has been awarded to Stephen Hawking (1974), Tim Hunt (1991), Elizabeth Blackburn (1992), Tim Berners-Lee (2001), Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (2003), Atta-ur Rahman (2006),[12] Andre Geim (2007),[13] James Dyson (2015), Ajay Kumar Sood (2015), Subhash Khot (2017), Elon Musk (2018),[14] and around 8,000 others in total,[2] including over 280 Nobel Laureates since 1900. As of October 2018, there are approximately 1689 living Fellows, Foreign and Honorary Members, of which over 60 are Nobel Laureates.[3][15]

Fellowship of the Royal Society has been described by The Guardian newspaper as “the equivalent of a lifetime achievement Oscar”[16] with several institutions celebrating their announcement each year.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23]

Fellowships[edit]

Stephen Hawking was elected a Fellow in 1974[24]

Up to 60 new Fellows (FRS), honorary (HonFRS) and foreign members (ForMemRS) are elected annually in late April or early May, from a pool of around 700 proposed candidates each year.[25] New Fellows can only be nominated by existing Fellows for one of the fellowships described below:

Fellow[edit]

Further information: List of Fellows of the Royal Society

Every year, up to 52 new Fellows are elected from the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth of Nations which make up around 90% of the society.[1] Each candidate is considered on their merits and can be proposed from any sector of the scientific community. Fellows are elected for life on the basis of excellence in science and are entitled to use the post-nominal letters FRS.[1]

Foreign Member[edit]

Jennifer Doudna was elected a Foreign Member in 2016

Every year, Fellows elect up to ten new Foreign Members. Like Fellows, Foreign Members are elected for life through peer review on the basis of excellence in science. As of 2016, there are around 165 Foreign Members, who are entitled to use the post-nominal ForMemRS.[26]

Honorary Fellow[edit]

Bill Bryson was elected an Honorary Member in 2013

Honorary Fellowship is an honorary academic title awarded to candidates who have given distinguished service to the cause of science, but do not have the kind of scientific achievements required of Fellows or Foreign Members. Honorary Fellows include Bill Bryson (2013), Melvyn Bragg (2010), Robin Saxby (2015), David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville (2008) and Onora O'Neill (2007). Honorary Fellows are entitled to use the post nominal letters HonFRS.[27] Others including John Maddox (2000),[28] Patrick Moore (2001) and Lisa Jardine (2015)[29][30] were elected as honorary fellows.

Former Statute 12 fellowships[edit]

David Attenborough was elected a Fellow in 1983, under former statute 12

Statute 12 is a legacy mechanism for electing members before official honorary membership existed in 1997.[citation needed] Fellows elected under statute 12 include David Attenborough (1983) and John Palmer, 4th Earl of Selborne (1991).

Royal Fellow[edit]

The Council of the Royal Society can recommend members of the British Royal Family for election as Royal Fellow of the Royal Society. As of 2016 there are five royal fellows:

  1. Charles, Prince of Wales elected 1978[31]
  2. Anne, Princess Royal elected 1987[32]
  3. Prince Edward, Duke of Kent elected 1990[33]
  4. Prince William, Duke of Cambridge elected 2009[34]
  5. Prince Andrew, Duke of York elected 2013[35]

Her Majesty the Queen, Elizabeth II is not a Royal Fellow, but provides her patronage to the Society as all reigning British monarchs have done since Charles II of England. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (1951) was elected under statute 12, not as a Royal Fellow.[36]

Election of new fellows[edit]

The election of new fellows is announced annually in May, after their nomination and a period of peer-reviewed selection.[1]

Nomination[edit]

Each candidate for Fellowship or Foreign Membership is nominated by two Fellows of the Royal Society (a proposer and a seconder), who sign a certificate of proposal.[37] Previously, nominations required at least five fellows to support each nomination by the proposer,[37] which was criticised for supposedly establishing an old-boy network and elitist gentlemen's club.[38][39][40] The certificate of election (see for example[41]) includes a statement of the principal grounds on which the proposal is being made. There is no limit on the number of nominations made each year. In 2015, there were 654 candidates for election as Fellows and 106 candidates for Foreign Membership.[1]

Selection[edit]

The Council of the Royal Society oversees the selection process and appoints 10 subject area committees, known as Sectional Committees,[15] to recommend the strongest candidates for election to the Fellowship. The final list of up to 52 Fellowship candidates and up to 10 Foreign Membership candidates is confirmed by the Council in April and a secret ballot of Fellows is held at a meeting in May. A candidate is elected if he or she secures two-thirds of votes of those Fellows present and voting.

A maximum of 18 Fellowships can be allocated to candidates from Physical Sciences and Biological Sciences; and up to 10 from Applied Sciences, Human Sciences and Joint Physical and Biological Sciences. A further maximum of 6 can be ‘Honorary’, ‘General’ or ‘Royal’ Fellows. Nominations for Fellowship are peer reviewed by sectional committees, each with 15 members and a chair. Members of the 10 sectional committees change every 3 years to mitigate in-group bias,[37] each group covers different specialist areas including:

  1. Mathematics
  2. Astronomy and physics
  3. Chemistry
  4. Engineering
  5. Earth science and environmental science
  6. Biochemistry and molecular cell biology
  7. Microbiology, immunology and developmental biology
  8. Anatomy, physiology and neuroscience
  9. Organismal biology, evolution and ecology
  10. Health and human sciences[42]

Admission[edit]

New Fellows are admitted to the Society at a formal admissions day ceremony held annually in July,[43] when they sign the Charter Book and the Obligation which reads: "We who have hereunto subscribed, do hereby promise, that we will endeavour to promote the good of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, and to pursue the ends for which the same was founded; that we will carry out, as far as we are able, those actions requested of us in the name of the Council; and that we will observe the Statutes and Standing Orders of the said Society. Provided that, whensoever any of us shall signify to the President under our hands, that we desire to withdraw from the Society, we shall be free from this Obligation for the future".[1]

Since 2014, portraits of Fellows at the admissions ceremony have been published without copyright restrictions in Wikimedia Commons under a more permissive Creative Commons license which allows wider re-use.[44][45]

Research Fellowships and other awards[edit]

Brian Cox, a professor of physics, was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2016 having previously held a Royal Society University Research Fellowship (URF) from 2005 to 2013[46]

In addition to the main Fellowships of the Royal Society (FRS, ForMemRS & HonFRS), other fellowships are available which are applied for by individuals, rather than through election. Holders of these fellowships are known as Royal Society Research Fellows.[47]

In addition to the award of Fellowship (FRS, HonFRS & ForMemRS) and the Research Fellowships described above, several other awards, lectures and medals of the Royal Society are also given.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Anon (2015). "Royal Society Elections". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e Anon (2015). "Fellowship of the Royal Society 1660-2015". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 15 October 2015.
  3. ^ a b "Fellows Directory - Royal Society". Royalsociety.org. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
  4. ^ Eve, A. S.; Chadwick, J. (1938). "Lord Rutherford 1871–1937". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 2 (6): 394–423. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1938.0025.
  5. ^ Neville, Eric Harold (1921). "The Late Srinivasa Ramanujan". Nature. 106 (2673): 661–662. Bibcode:1921Natur.106..661N. doi:10.1038/106661b0.
  6. ^ Whittaker, E. (1955). "Albert Einstein. 1879–1955". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 1: 37–67. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1955.0005. JSTOR 769242.
  7. ^ Tayler, Roger J. (1996). "Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. 19 October 1910 – 21 August 1995". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 42: 80–94. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1996.0006.
  8. ^ Dodson, Guy (2002). "Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin, O.M. 12 May 1910 - 29 July 1994". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 48: 179–219. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2002.0011.
  9. ^ Newman, M. H. A. (1955). "Alan Mathison Turing. 1912–1954". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 1: 253–263. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1955.0019. JSTOR 769256.
  10. ^ Bretscher, Mark S.; Mitchison, Graeme (2017). "Francis Harry Compton Crick OM. 8 June 1916 — 28 July 2004". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 63: rsbm20170010. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2017.0010. ISSN 0080-4606.
  11. ^ Rich, Alexander; Stevens, Charles F. (2004). "Obituary: Francis Crick (1916–2004)". Nature. 430 (7002): 845–847. Bibcode:2004Natur.430..845R. doi:10.1038/430845a. PMID 15318208.
  12. ^ "Atta-Ur Rahman - Royal Society". Royalsociety.org. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  13. ^ "Andre Geim - Royal Society". Royalsociety.org. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  14. ^ "Elon Musk - Royal Society". Royalsociety.org. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  15. ^ a b Anon (2007). "Fellowship of the Royal Society: a window on the election process" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2016.
  16. ^ Blackstock, Colin (2004). "Fellows keep Susan Greenfield off Royal Society list". London: The Guardian. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015.
  17. ^ Anon (2016). "Eminent cancer researchers elected to Royal Society Fellowship". London: Institute of Cancer Research. Archived from the original on 25 May 2016.
  18. ^ Anon (2016). "Royal Society Fellowship for Crick scientist". London: Francis Crick Institute. Archived from the original on 25 May 2016.
  19. ^ Anon (2016). "Manchester scientists elected as Fellows of Royal Society". Manchester.ac.uk. Manchester: University of Manchester. Archived from the original on 7 May 2016.
  20. ^ Anon (2016). "Royal Society Fellows at Imperial College". London: Imperial College London. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016.
  21. ^ Anon (2016). "Three University of Aberdeen researchers elected to Royal Society". Aberdeen: University of Aberdeen. Archived from the original on 25 May 2016.
  22. ^ Anon (2016). "Five Cambridge University academics join the Royal Society". Cambridge: University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 24 April 2016.
  23. ^ Anon (2016). "Seven Oxford academics elected Fellows of the Royal Society". Oxford: University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 30 April 2016.
  24. ^ "Stephen Hawking – Royal Society". Royalsociety.org. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  25. ^ Keeler, C. Richard (2011). "Three Hundred Fifty Years of the Royal Society". Archives of Ophthalmology. 129 (10): 1361–1365. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.222. PMID 21987680.
  26. ^ Gulyas, Balázs; Somogyi, Peter (2012). "János Szentágothai 31 October 1912 – 8 September 1994: Elected ForMemRs 20 April 1978". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 59: 383–406. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2012.0038. PMC 4477047. PMID 26113752.
  27. ^ "Fellows Directory".
  28. ^ Gratzer, Walter (2010). "Sir John Royden Maddox. 27 November 1925 – 12 April 2009". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 56: 237–255. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2009.0024.
  29. ^ Hunter, Michael (2017). "Lisa Jardine CBE. 12 April 1944 — 25 October 2015". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 63: rsbm20170015. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2017.0015. ISSN 0080-4606.
  30. ^ Grafton, Anthony (2015). "Lisa Jardine (1944–2015)". Nature. 528 (7580): 40. Bibcode:2015Natur.528...40G. doi:10.1038/528040a. PMID 26632582.
  31. ^ Anon (1978). "His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales KG KT GCB OM FRS Royal Fellow". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015.
  32. ^ Anon (1987). "Her Royal Highness The Princess Royal Princess Anne KG KT GCVO GCStJ QSO GCL FRS Royal Fellow". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015.
  33. ^ Anon (1990). "His Royal Highness Prince Edward, Duke of Kent KG GCMG GCVO ADC(P) FRS Royal Fellow". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015.
  34. ^ Anon (2009). "His Royal Highness Prince William, Duke of Cambridge KG KT ADC(P) FRS Royal Fellow". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015.
  35. ^ Anon (2013). "His Royal Highness Prince Andrew, Duke of York KG GCVO FRS Royal Fellow". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015.
  36. ^ Anon (1951). "His Royal Highness Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh KG Kt OM GBE FRS Statute 12". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 24 November 2015.
  37. ^ a b c Athene Donald (20 April 2012). "Ten Things You Should Know about Election to the Royal Society". Occam's Typewriter. Archived from the original on 24 August 2014.
  38. ^ Gallagher, Paul (2013). "Sparks fly over Royal Society gender study". Independent.co.uk. The Independent. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013.
  39. ^ Gallagher, Paul (2002). "A bunch of jolly-good fellows or old cronies who don't deserve £25m a year?". Times Higher Education. Archived from the original on 30 December 2014.
  40. ^ Connor, Steve (2002). "Royal societies not recruiting enough women, say MPs". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 May 2016.
  41. ^ "Certificate of Election and candidature: EC/2007/16: Andre Geim". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019.
  42. ^ "Membership of Sectional Committees 2015" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 May 2015.
  43. ^ McManus, Jo (2010). "Royal Society Admissions Day: photographing new Fellows". Archived from the original on 14 April 2015.
  44. ^ "Images released by the Royal Society". Wikimedia Commons.
  45. ^ Byrne, John (2014). "New images released are quickly put to use". Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014.
  46. ^ Anon (2016). "Professor Brian Cox OBE FRS". Royalsociety.org. London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 29 April 2016.
  47. ^ "Research Fellows directory". Archived from the original on 3 May 2016.
  48. ^ "University Research Fellowship: for outstanding scientists in the UK". Royal Society. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016.
  49. ^ Cook, Alan (2000). "URFs become FRS: Frances Ashcroft, Athene Donald and John Pethica". Notes and Records of the Royal Society. 54 (3): 409–411. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2000.0181.
  50. ^ "Royal Society Leverhulme Trust Senior Research Fellowship". Royal Society. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016.
  51. ^ "Newton Advanced Fellowships". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 15 May 2016.
  52. ^ "Industry Fellowships". royalsociety.org. Archived from the original on 10 April 2016.
  53. ^ "Dorothy Hodgkin Fellowship". London: royalsociety.org. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015.
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