Groundhog Day (film)

Groundhog Day
Theatrical release poster
Directed by	Harold Ramis
Produced by	Trevor Albert Harold Ramis
Screenplay by	Danny Rubin Harold Ramis
Story by	Danny Rubin
Starring	Bill Murray Andie MacDowell Chris Elliott
Music by	George Fenton
Cinematography	John Bailey
Edited by	Pembroke J. Herring
Distributed by	Columbia Pictures
Release date	February 12, 1993 (1993-02-12)
Running time	101 minutes
Country	United States
Language	English
Budget	$14.6 million–$30 million
Box office	$70.9 million (North America)

Groundhog Day is a 1993 American fantasy comedy film directed by Harold Ramis and written by Ramis and Danny Rubin. It stars Bill Murray, Andie MacDowell, and Chris Elliott. Murray portrays Phil Connors, a cynical TV weatherman covering an annual Groundhog Day event in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, who becomes trapped in a time loop forcing him to endlessly repeat the day of February 2nd. The film also stars Stephen Tobolowsky, Brian Doyle-Murray, Marita Geraghty, Angela Paton, Rick Ducommun, Rick Overton, and Robin Duke.

Rubin conceived the outline of Groundhog Day in the early 1990s. He wrote it as a spec script to gain meetings with producers for other work. It eventually came to the attention of Ramis who worked with Rubin to make his original idea less dark in tone and more palatable to a general audience by enhancing the comedy. After Murray's casting, he clashed with Ramis over the script; Murray wanted to focus on the philosophical elements, where Ramis focused on the comedy. Principal photography took place from March to June 1992 almost entirely in Woodstock, Illinois. Filming was difficult, in part because of bitterly cold weather, but also because of the ongoing conflict between Ramis and Murray, who was dealing with his own personal issues.

Groundhog Day was considered a box office hit on its release, if a modest one, earning over $70.9 million to become one of the highest-grossing films of 1993. It also received generally positive reviews. Reviewers were consistent in praise for the film's successful melding of overly sentimental and deeply cynical moments, and the philosophical message beneath the comedy. It went on to receive multiple award nominations and won a BAFTA award for Best Original Screenplay. For all its success, the film marked the end of Ramis' and Murray's long collaborative partnership that had produced films like Caddyshack (1980) and Ghostbusters (1984). The pair would not speak after filming until shortly before Ramis' death in 2014. The film was a showcase for Murray; previously seen only as a comic actor, his performance led to more serious lead roles in critically acclaimed films.

In the years since its release, the film has grown in esteem and is now considered by many to be among the greatest films of the 1990s and one of the greatest comedy films of all time. It also had a significant impact on popular culture; the term "Groundhog Day" became part of the English lexicon as a means to describe a monotonous, unpleasant, and repetitive situation. The film has been analyzed as a religious allegory by Buddhists, Christians, and Jews who each see a deeper philosophical meaning in the film's story. Groundhog Day is also credited with the mainstream acceptance of comedy films featuring fantasy genre elements. In 2006, the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry, finding it "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". Groundhog Day has been adapted into a 2016 musical and a 2019 video game sequel, Groundhog Day: Like Father Like Son.

Plot

On February 1st, TV weatherman Phil Connors reassures his Pittsburgh viewers that an approaching blizzard will miss Western Pennsylvania. Alongside his producer Rita Hanson and cameraman Larry, Phil travels to Punxsutawney for his annual coverage of the Groundhog Day festivities. Phil makes no secret of his contempt for the assignment, the small town, and the "hicks" who live there, asserting that he will soon be leaving his station for a new job.

The "Cherry Street Inn" where Phil wakes every February 2nd. The property was a private home at the time of filming

The following day, February 2nd, Phil awakens in the Cherry Tree Inn to Sonny & Cher's "I Got You Babe" playing on the clock radio. He gives a half-hearted performance reporting on the groundhog Punxsutawney Phil and the festivities. Despite Phil's prediction, the blizzard strikes the area, preventing all travel out of the town. Phil desperately searches for a way to leave but is forced to spend the night in Punxsutawney.

The next morning, Phil wakes again to "I Got You Babe" and the same DJ banter on the radio. Phil experiences the previous day's events repeating exactly and believes he is experiencing deja vu. He again unsuccessfully attempts to leave the town, and retires to bed. When he awakes, it is again February 2nd. Phil gradually realizes that he is trapped in a time loop that no one else is aware of. He confides his situation to Rita who directs him to a Psychologist and Neurologist who cannot explain his experiences. Phil gets drunk with locals Gus and Ralph and then leads police on a high-speed car chase before being arrested and imprisoned. The following morning, Phil awakens in the Cherry Tree Inn.

Realizing that there are no consequences for his actions, he begins spending loops indulging in binge eating, one-night stands, robbery, and other dangerous activities, using his increasing knowledge of the day's events and the town residents to manipulate things to his advantage. Phil eventually focuses on seducing Rita, using the loops to learn more about her so that he can manipulate her into sleeping with him. Regardless of his actions, Rita rebuffs his advances, particularly when Phil tells her he loves her; Rita asserts that he does not even know her.

Phil gradually becomes depressed and desperate for a way to escape the loop. He commits suicide in a variety of ways, even kidnapping Punxsutawney Phil and driving them both off a cliff. Each time he wakes up on February 2nd to "I Got You Babe". He eventually tries to explain his situation to Rita again, using his detailed knowledge of the day to accurately predict events. Convinced, Rita spends the rest of that day's loop with Phil; she encourages him to think of the loops as a blessing instead of a curse. Laying on the bed together at night, Phil realizes that his feelings for Rita have become sincere. He wakes alone on February 2nd. Phil decides to use his knowledge of the loops to better himself and others: he saves people from deadly accidents and misfortunes; learns to play the piano, sculpt ice, and speak French; and reads poetry. However, regardless of his actions, he is unable to save a homeless old man from death.

During one loop, Phil so eloquently reports on the Groundhog Day festivities that the other reporters defer to his speech, amazing Rita. Phil continues his day helping the people of Punxsutawney. That night, Rita witnesses Phil's expert piano-playing skills as the adoring townsfolk regale her with stories of his good deeds. Impressed with Phil's apparent overnight transformation, Rita successfully bids for him at a charity bachelor auction. Phil carves an ice sculpture in Rita's visage and tells her that no matter what happens, even if he is doomed to continue waking alone each morning forever, he wants her to know that he is finally happy because he loves her. They retire to Phil's room.

Phil wakes the next morning to "I Got You Babe", but finds Rita is still in bed with him and the radio banter has changed; it is now February 3rd. Phil tells Rita that he wants to live together with her in Punxsutawney.

Cast

Bill Murray (left) in 2018, and Andie MacDowell in 2017

• Bill Murray as Phil Connors
• Andie MacDowell as Rita Hanson
• Chris Elliott as Larry the cameraman
• Stephen Tobolowsky as Ned Ryerson
• Brian Doyle-Murray as Buster Green
• Marita Geraghty as Nancy Taylor
• Angela Paton as Mrs. Lancaster
• Rick Ducommun as Gus
• Rick Overton as Ralph
• Robin Duke as Doris the waitress

As well as the main cast, Groundhog Day features Ken Hudson Campbell as the man in the hotel hallway, David Pasquesi as Phil's psychiatrist, and Richard Henzel and Rob Riley as the radio hosts waking Phil every morning. Hynden Walch and Michael Shannon portray, respectively, the newly married couple Debbie and Fred. Les Podewell plays the homeless old man, and Rod Sell appears as a Groundhog Day official. Director Harold Ramis cameos as a Neurologist. Punxsutawney Phil is portrayed by a groundhog known as Scooter.

Analysis

Time loop duration

The duration of Phil's real-time entrapment in the time loop has been the subject of much discussion. Ramis once said that he believed the film took place over 10 years. When a blogger estimated the actual length to be approximately 9 years, Ramis personally refuted that estimate and his own. He replied that it takes at least 10 years to become good at an activity (such as Phil learning ice sculpting and to speak French), and "allotting for the down-time and misguided years he spent, it had to be more like 30 or 40 years." A similar estimate suggests that it takes at least 10,000 hours of study (just over a years worth of time) to become an expert in a field, and given the number of loops seen or mentioned on screen, and how long Phil could spend per day studying, that Phil spent approximately 12,400 days or nearly 34 years trapped. In Rubin's original concept draft, Phil himself estimates that he has been trapped for between 70 and 80 years, having used books to track the passage of time.

Born to a Jewish family, Ramis shared an interest in Buddhism with his second wife, embracing some of its precepts. He said that based on Buddhist doctrine, it takes approximately 10,000 years for a soul to evolve to the next level. Rubin reinforced this idea, saying that the film shows about 23 days of Phil's life in the loop, but from a spiritual perspective, they took place over a 10,000-year span. In 2005, Rubin said, "Ultimately it became this weird political issue because if you asked the studio, 'How long was the repetition?', they'd say, 'Two weeks'. But the point of the movie to me was that you had to feel you were enduring something that was going on for a long time ... For me it had to be—I don't know. A hundred years. A lifetime." It can be argued that the length of time is not important. Just as the film never justifies why or how Phil is caught in the loop—a gypsy curse, magical intervention, a wish—the length of time is only as much as it takes for Phil to become a better person.

Thematic analysis

A 9th-century Bodhisattva bas-relief. The character of Phil Connors has been interpreted as a Bodhisattva; someone who helps others reach Nirvana.

The film has been interpreted in many ways by different groups. Rubin has said that he did not set out to write the film as a spiritual analog. He simply wanted to tell a story about human life and periods in it where a person becomes trapped in a cycle no matter how much they want to escape. He said it was not "just about a man repeating the same day but a story about how to live. Whose life isn't a series of days? Who doesn't feel stuck from time to time? In the bowling alley scene, Phil asks two Punxsutawney residents if they understand what it is like to be stuck in a place where nothing they do matters. He is referring to his own trapped situation, but the two men understand the feeling from their own repetitive and seemingly meaningless lives.

While Rubin and Ramis discussed several of the philosophical and spiritual aspects of the film, they "never intended [it] to be anything more than a good, heartfelt, entertaining story". Murray interpreted the original script as an interpretation of how people repeat the same day over and over because they are afraid of change. Rubin added that at the start of the loop, it is the worst day of Phil's life. By being forced to change who he is, to embrace the world around him, and each moment of his day, it becomes the best day of his life; the day he falls in love. In a 2017 interview, Murray said he believed Groundhog Day still resonated because it is about "the idea that we just have to try again... it's such a beautiful, powerful idea."

Rubin has been contacted throughout the years by different experts providing their own interpretations. It has been seen as a Christian allegory (complete with Punxsutawney Phil representing Jesus Christ), an example of the nietzschean concept of the eternal return, the spirit of Judaism, and the essence of homeopathy. It has also been interpreted as an adaptation of the Greek mythological figure Sisyphus who is also condemned to an eternal, daily punishment. Others have found significance in the numbers present in the film. Ramis himself was fascinating by Rubin's original draft and it's concepts of reincarnation.

Buddhist leaders commended the representation of the ideologies of regeneration. Phil can be interpreted as a bodhisattvas, someone who has reached the brink of Nirvana and returns to Earth to help others to the same. In the Jewish faith, Murray's escape or reward can be seen as him being returned to Earth to perform moral deeds or mitzvahs——the precepts and commandments of God. In Christianity, his journey can be interpreted as a form of resurrection or a means of securing a place in Heaven. Even in Falun Gong, the film has been interpreted as a message that the spiritual self cannot evolve until it learns from past mistakes. In Catholocism, Phil's situation can be identified as a form of purgatory, escaped only by embracing selflessness. MacDowell said "Wouldn't it be great if we had that kind of experience and learn something from it? We go through life and are not always conscious of it... whatever religion you want to base yourself in, that's ultimately why we're here."

Phil initially believes himself to be a god, declaring that as a weatherman, he makes the weather. After several loops he even comes to believe it, comparing himself to God and asserting that omnipotence may be mistaken for having lived so long you simply know everything. Using his knowledge he is able to manipulate events in his favor. The repetition gives Phil an opportunity to escape from his own narcissistic self-confinement. Unwilling to change himself, the means to do so are forced upon him. After constant rejection by Rita and his idea of love, Phil hits an emotional low and begins committing suicide. At one point he suggests he has killed himself enough times to no longer exist. It is this point, Ramis suggests, that Phil becomes ready to change.

Indeed, it is only when Phil stops using the loops to indulge his own desires and instead uses them to selflessly help others that he is freed. In repeatedly trying, and failing to save the old homeless man, Phil is also forced to accept that he is not a god. Similarly, regardless of how much knowledge he gains about Rita, and despite his accomplishments learned throughout the loops, he is unable to impress her enough to earn her love. He wins her over only once he stops trying to do so, when he demonstrates genuine care for helping others without fakery or self-interest, knowing that the day will likely reset and it will have all been for naught. Only then does Rita return his affections. This demonstrates the redeeming power of love, something Ramis wanted to emphasize. For him, Groundhog Day represents having the strength and knowledge to make a change when faced with the opportunity to repeat previous mistakes. Rick Brookhiser argues that it is because Phil fully appreciates every facet of the day that he is rewarded by the day being taken from him. He said, "loving life includes loving the fact that it goes". Rubin said that Phil will not return to his old ways after his experiences, but might suffer disappointment that no day will ever live up to his final, perfect February 2, after essentially losing his superpowers.

Production

Concept and original draft

The Vampire Lestat written by Anne Rice served as the initial inspiration for Danny Rubin

The original idea for Groundhog Day came to the writer Danny Rubin in 1990. He had moved to Los Angeles to work as a screenwriter. While waiting in a theater for a film to start, he was reading the book The Vampire Lestat (1985) by Anne Rice. Rubin began musing about vampiric immortality and what one would do with their time when it was limitless. He reasoned that vampires were like normal people without being forced to adhere to the same rules or moral boundaries. He questioned if and when it would become boring or pointless, and how a person would change over time, especially if that person was incapable of substantial change within their own limited mortal life. He singled out men he deemed to be in arrested development, who could not outlive their adolescence.

Having recently sold his first script for what would become the thriller film Hear No Evil (1993), his agent prompted him to develop a "calling-card" script that he could use to gain meetings with various producers. Rubin began work on his idea of a man changing over eternal life but quickly realized that the idea was impractical. It would require the central character to interact with significant historical events and continue on into future ones, resulting in an expensive film. At this point, Rubin recalled a brief story concept he wrote two years earlier. It followed a man who would wake every morning to find it was the same day repeating. Rubin married the two ideas to create the outline for Groundhog Day. By portraying eternity as a repeating cycle instead of a straight line through history he eliminated the production cost of constantly changing settings. He believed that the repetition also offered him more dramatic and comedic possibilities.

Rubin opened a calendar and picked the next nearest holiday, landing on February 2nd, the eponymous Groundhog Day. He saw it as a date with story potential because it was a recognized holiday without much widespread attention. Rubin believed that people held a vague awareness of the holiday using a groundhog to predict changing seasons. Even so, he believed few people outside of the state of Pennsylvania were aware that the actual festival takes place in the small town of Punxsutawney. This was something he became aware of himself through a writing job for a local phone company. Setting the story in Punxsutawney gave Rubin two solutions; a small area in which to trap Phil Connors, and a reason for the character to visit; to cover the event. He took the main character's name from Punxsutawney Phil. He hoped that the film could become a perennial holiday favorite like It's a Wonderful Life (1946) and A Charlie Brown Christmas (1965).

Rubin spent eight weeks working from home on the story; seven making notes to define both the rules and characters and one week actually writing the script. Rubin struggled with establishing a cause for the time loop, considering technological, magical, and celestial origins. He considered these methods to be interchangeable. He also believed that the cause was not that important and focusing on it would detract from the parts he wanted to focus on. Rubin said that this lack of explanation made Phil's situation more relatable, as "none of us knows exactly how we got stuck here either." He chose to begin the story in medias res, with Phil already caught in the time loop. The first scene included Phil waking up to "I Got You Babe", predicting the host banter and the actions of the hotel patrons, and attacking a pedestrian outside. Rubin thought that this would intrigue an audience trying to understand how and why he is doing these things. He chose "I Got You Babe" because it used a lot of repeating lines and was about love, which he felt were thematically resonant aspects. He likened his original script to the 1949 British black comedy film Kind Hearts and Coronets, particularly with the flippant way in which Phil's multiple suicides are shown.

Rubin did not initially write it as a broad comedy and considered it to be more whimsical. He found that the funnier elements were the easiest to think of; one of the earliest scenes he wrote was about Phil used his ever-increasing knowledge to seduce women. Loops were also dedicated to Phil seeing how far he could get outside of Punxsutawney; inevitably he was always returned to the town by the loop. Even so, the script focused much more on Phil's loneliness. He breaks the loop only after realizing that there are other lonely people, and that he can do good deeds to make them happier. Scenes present in the finished film happened much earlier in Rubin's script such as Phil driving over a cliff happening in the first loop. The passage of time was also more distinct; Phil would track this by reading a page of a book per day, reaching his low point when he realizes he has run out of books. The ending also featured a twist. Phil breaks his loop and then confesses his love to Rita. The perspective then becomes that of Rita, who rejects Phil's advance because she is not ready for love. It is revealed that she is now in a loop of her own.

Development

Director and writer Harold Ramis in 2009

Rubin's agent agreed to use the script to get Rubin meetings with producers, though he did not believe the script itself would sell. Rubin met with dozens of producers who agreed with his agent; the meetings did produce other work for Rubin. A year later in 1991, Rubin had been left without an agent after his own left the industry. He sent out the Groundhog Day script to try and secure a new representative. It came to the attention of Richard Lovett at the Creative Arts Agency. Lovett said he could not represent Rubin, but wanted to pass the script to his own client, Harold Ramis.

By the early 1990s, Ramis had begun moving away from involvement in the anti-establishment and anti-institutional comedies that had defined his career up to that point like Caddyshack (1980) or National Lampoon's Vacation (1983). While Ramis had successes in front of the camera and in creative roles like writing, his last directorial effort, Club Paradise (1986) had been a flop. He wanted to direct and he wanted an unusual project. He was particularly interested in comedies about redemption and discovering one's purpose in life. After marrying his second wife, Erica Mann, in 1989, Ramis had adopted her Buddhist lifestyle. Rubin was aware of Ramis' previous work, having watched him in film and television.

Ramis admitted that he did not laugh while reading Rubin's script. He was interested in the underlying spirituality and romance present but needed to add more humor. The pair discussed the core ideas in the script, raising parallels between it and the concepts of Buddhism and reincarnation. They also talked about the ethics of Superman—a superhuman being with the power to save the lives of countless people and prevent disasters—effectively wasting time on adventures with his partner Lois Lane.

The script became the subject of two offers: one arranged by Ramis through Columbia Pictures that would grant his project a higher budget, but at the cost of control over his original idea; and a smaller indie studio that offered a lower budget of $3 million, but would have let Rubin retain his original concept. Rubin chose to go with Ramis' deal. As expected, the studio wanted changes. In particular, the studio wanted an explanation for why Phil becomes trapped. Producer Trevor Albert described a Columbia executive saying "Why does the day repeat? ...I like it... but I don't understand why he gets stuck in this loop".

Writing

Anticipating a mandated rewrite, Rubin had conceived of several causes for the loop, including a jilted lover placing a curse on Phil and a mad scientist's invention malfunctioning. Rubin admitted to becoming defensive about the changes. He was concerned that the alterations would make take away what he saw as innovative plot points and turn it into a generic comedy film. Ramis supervised the re-write. He was tasked with balancing Rubin's desire for originality, and the studios demand for a broad comedy. The pair loosely used Elisabeth Kübler-Ross' model on the five stages of grief—denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance—as an outlining structure. Ramis imagined himself in Phil's situation and the things he would do and feel if in the same cycle of entrapment. The pair spent weeks revising the script. Ramis suggested that Rubin's original ending, revealing Rita to be trapped in her own loop, be removed. He felt that audiences would dislike this as it offered no catharsis at the end. Similarly, he felt it was important to retain the story's darker elements such as Phil's suicides as these scenes compensated for the necessary sentimental moments.

Rubin delivered a fresh draft on February 2, 1991. Ramis took this draft and began his solo rewrite. Ramis found the sentimentality and sincerity to be completely opposed to everything he had learned to do as a comedian. He deliberately tempered the sweeter moments with a cynical and grouchy tone. Among his changes, Ramis reorganized the script into a mainstream three-act narrative. He emphasized Phil using a smug attitude to distance himself from others, giving him a defined story arc as a more classic comedic lead character deserving of his punishment. Ramis liked Rubin's concept of starting with the loop in progress, but associate producer Whitney White suggested starting the film before the loop begins because it would be more interesting for the audience to see his reaction to his predicament.

Ramis also removed Rita's boyfriend Max, introduced (and removed) Phil's executive producer Gil Hawley, and removed some content deemed more mean-spirited like Phil asking Rita to be his "love-slave". This is reversed in the final film to Rita buying Phil and claiming she owns him. Phil's journeys outside of Punxsutawney were excised as Ramis did not want the audience becoming too focused on what the rules of the loop were, and felt that keeping the character isolated to the town made it more claustrophobic. They also chose to remove voice-over narration from Phil that would have explained the situation to the audience. This draft also featured more scenes of debauchery focused on Phil's sexual conquests. Also excised were more scenes of Phil's later good deeds and the clever methods he used to prevent accidents to make the most efficient use of his time. For example, Phil puts a large rock in a road to prevent a truck delivering a fish that a patron will eventually choke on. Where Rubin's original script had been more sermonic and deprecating, Ramis altered the tone to be more optimistic. The two pieces of text—taken from a scene between Phil and Rita in the diner—demonstrate Rubin's original script on the left, and Ramis' rewrite on the right, that emphasizes Phil's smug attitude and the romantic core of the film.

Danny Rubin's original script

PHIL voice over "And me and Rita—together—was the most obvious thing in the world..."
PHIL "Have you ever felt like you were reliving the same day over and over again?"
RITA "Like déjà vu?"
PHIL "More like—déjà, déjà, déjà, déjà..."
RITA "So, you still think you've been here before?" phil nods.
RITA "And how does this evening turn out?"

PHIL "I'll tell you what I do know. Even in a day as long as this, even in a lifetime of endless repetition, there's still room for possibilities."

Harold Ramis' rewrite

PHIL "What are you looking for? Who's your perfect guy?"
RITA "Well. First of all, he's too humble to know he's perfect."
PHIL "That's me."
RITA "He's intelligent, supportive, funny."
PHIL "Intelligent, supportive, funny. Me, me, me."
RITA thinking "He's romantic and courageous."
PHIL "Me, me also."
RITA "He has a good body but he doesn't have to look in the mirror every two minutes."
PHIL "I have a great body and I never look at it."
RITA "He's kind and sensitive and gentle and considerate. And he's not afraid to cry in front of me."

PHIL "This is a man we're talking about, right?"

It was Ramis' script version that attracted Murray to the project. Murray and Ramis immediately conflicted over the tone of the film. Murray wanted to focus more on the philosophical elements, while Ramis countered that it was meant to be a comedy. The studio was happier with this draft. They thought that the changes made it more accessible to the audience. Columbia Pictures re-hired Rubin to assess the script and provide notes. Rubin returned the script with pages of honest and sometimes sarcastic notes. In response, Murray recommended fully rehiring Rubin to assist on the script. The studio still refused to green-light the project without an explanation for why Phil becomes trapped in the loop. The more experienced Albert and Ramis worked with Rubin to write an explanation into the script that would appease the studio. At the same time they agreed to place it too late in the shooting schedule to film it, and if forced to film it, to simply not put it in the film.

As the conflict between Ramis and Murray continued, Ramis sent Rubin to work on the script with Murray; he believed it to be the only way of halting Murray's constant early morning phone calls. When Ramis would call to check on their progress, Murray would ask Rubin to pretend he was not there. The pair visited the 1992 Punxsutawney Groundhog Day festival to get a better understanding of the event. They remained discreet and did not reveal the reason for their visit. They then spent weeks working together in New York City revising the script. Rubin found Murray's more laid back approach to writing "frustrating". They were still working on the script up to a month before filming began, bringing the script back closer to Rubin's original.

Afterward, Rubin and Ramis again collaborated on a further rewrite. The pair would work on individual sections and then edit each other. Finally, Ramis alone spent a few days refining it into the screenplay. Rubin recommended that they not include any references to the 1990s or any specific period to allow it to remain timeless. Rubin has said that the final film mainly resembles his script. He did regret the loss of a scene between Phil and a 14-year old boy. In that scene, the child acts as Phil does at the start of the film, and acts as a stark contrast to how far Phil has now come by that point in the script. A few scenes were written but not filmed, including Phil praying at a church, gambling, and a scene Murray personally vetoed, of Phil stripped naked to force an elderly man out of a swimming pool. Even though the script was complete, it still continued to undergo changes once filming began.

Casting

Chris Elliott (2011) portrays Larry the cameraman

For the role of Phil Connors, Tom Hanks and Michael Keaton were also considered. Hanks was Ramis' first choice, but the actor rejected the offer. Hanks rationalized that he was typecast portraying nice people, and the audience would be expecting his inevitable redemption. Whereas Murray was "such a miserable [son of a bitch] on- and offscreen" that the outcome would be less predictable. Keaton said that the role of a "wry, sardonic, glib" character was a typical role for him, but admitted that he simply did not understand the film. He later confessed regret in passing on the role. Phil was written as a younger man, but this was changed when it was determined that the appropriate comic actors were all older.

Murray only became interested once Ramis had completed his re-write of Rubin's script. The pair had a long-standing friendship and collaborative relationship, having worked together since 1974 across multiple projects and five films to great success, including Meatballs (1979), Caddyshack, and Ghostbusters (1984). Rubin did not write the character as particularly nasty, aiming for a normal person in an extranormal situation. In casting Murray, Phil was portrayed as more cynical, sarcastic, and detached but without malicious to the point that audiences could no longer support him. Rubin wanted Kevin Kline for the part, believing Murray did not have the acting ability to portray the character. Ramis reassured Rubin about the casting, saying "Don't worry. This is what Bill Murray can do. He can be that nasty and still make you like him." MacDowell agreed, saying "He's a jerk but he makes you laugh."

Albert auditioned comediennes for the role of Rita but determined that someone vying with Murray at comedy would be detrimental. The character of Rita was not intended to trade witty comments with Phil, but instead, offer human warmth and intelligence. MacDowell was cast as she was thought to bring an effortless grace suited to Rita's character. MacDowell tried to adapt to Murray's natural improvisation in scenes. She believed that the character's humor comes from her honesty without being outlandish. Singer Tori Amos was considered for the role. Tobolowsky was hired after delivering an "overwhelmingly obnoxious" portrayal during his audition.

Michael Shannon who portrays to prospective groom Fred made his on-screen acting debut in the film. He spent much of the shoot in the background of the diner scene as they wanted all of the actors in their places even if the camera was not focused on them. A live groundhog, given the name Scooter, was used to portray Punxsutawney Phil. Punxsutawney officials, upset that their town was not used for filming, refused to allow the real Punxsutawney Phil to appear in the movie. The groundhog itself was not specially bred for use on film and was trapped in the wild near Illinois only a few weeks before filming.

Pre-production

The real Gobbler's Knob in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania (2012)

The production wanted to use a "quintessential American town" for location shooting, a place that did not look as if it was specific to any particular time period. The Pennsylvania Film Commission provided location scouting tapes to provide an overall impression of the town. Contrary to their expectations, it became obvious that attempting to film in Punxsutawney would present several difficulties. It did have the timeless aesthetic they were looking for, and it had few ideal filming locations for the scripted scenes. Logistically, Punxsutawney was also too isolated from the necessary amenities. The rural town was nearly 80 miles from the nearest city center, Pittsburgh, and did not offer sufficient accommodation for the cast and crew.

A Chicago-native, Ramis enjoyed filming in the Illinois state, and his experiences there meant he knew the area could meet their needs. These included being closer to a major metropolitan area with access to high ways, a winter aesthetic, and the ability to complete the production as quickly as possible. Ramis also wanted a main street like Punxsutawney rather than a town square. Location scout Bob Hudgins thought that Mineral Point, Wisconsin could meet their requirements. During the scouting journey there, the team stopped in the city of Baraboo, Wisconsin which happened to have a town square. The filmmakers could see the benefits of a town square over the main street. Ramis asked for something similar but in closer proximity to Chicago.

By the time they arrived in Woodstock, Illinois, over 60 towns had been scouted. Hudgins was aware of Woodstock—a small town of approximately 25,000 people—from his previous work there on the 1987 comedy film Planes, Trains and Automobiles. Though still relatively remote, it offered the timeless quality the filmmakers were looking for. Hudgins arranged for Ramis and Albert to view the town from the bell tower of the Woodstock Opera House. The decision was made to film in Woodstock. The town even came complete with a large pothole for Phil to step in.

Scouts initially located a forested preserve area outside of McHenry, Illinois to replicate Gobbler's Knob. When the filmmakers opted to position the site in the town square instead, the impact on the town was significantly increased. Thousands of extras would be on site across multiple takes. Several local businesses banded together against the production, concerned about the impact that the production would have on both the town square and storefronts over an indeterminate amount of time. Hudgins said that he was proud that badges with the number "23" on them—representing the 23 united businesses—had to be amended to "14" as he won them over. The city council was also split on whether or not to let it go ahead. Three of the business owners filed legal proceedings against Columbia Pictures after filming concluded, alleging that they were to be reimbursed for lost profits during the production. One of these cases was settled out of court; the outcome of the other two is unknown.

Filming

Tip Top Bistro, established at the site of the fictional Tip Top Cafe in Woodstock

Principal photography began on March 16, 1992, and concluded on June 10, 1992, after 86 days. The budget was reported to be between $14.6 million and $30 million. Filming took place mainly in Woodstock, with additional filming done on sets in Cary, Illinois and Hollywood, California. The filming period meant that the weather varied considerably. Much of the shoot was done in conditions described as frigid, bitterly cold, and akin to Siberian weather. Murray estimated that it was often 20 °F (−7 °C) degrees. The conditions continued until the end of May. Murray said that being outside for up to 12 hours a day left his skin feeling raw and made him irritable. When filming finished at the start of summer, fake snow had to be used to replicate the winter setting; the actors still had to wear their winter gear despite the rising heat.

The shoot was also mired in the tensions between Ramis and Murray. Murray still wanted to make a more contemplative film, in direct contrast to Ramis' focus on a romantic comedy. Murray was also in the middle of a divorce with the mother of two of his children, Margaret Kelly. Murray was reportedly miserable throughout filming, and demonstrated erratic behavior, threw tantrums, and would often contradict Ramis' decisions. Ramis said that Murray would constantly show up late to set, describing his behavior as "just irrationally mean and unavailable." The pair also had numerous disagreements over the script and the other actors' performances. Shannon recounted how he believed he had upset Murray during an encounter. When Ramis heard about this he had Murray publicly apologize to Shannon.

The script also continued to change. When Toblowsky arrived for his first scene, he was handed a new script. He estimated that about a third of the script was different than his original copy. For example, early in the film, Phil ends his first loop by breaking a pencil to see if it is repaired the following day. However, a more elaborate scene was filmed in which Phil spraypainted the hotel room walls, destroyed objects, and gave himself a Mohawk hairstyle. The scene took three days to film and was costly; Ramis discarded it for something deemed quieter, simpler, and less manic. The script also featured more of Phil's misadventures, and his suicide attempts were set closer to the film's end. These scenes were moved forward in favor of a long third act showing Phil embracing life.

There were also nine scenes of Phil and Ned meeting. Ramis could not decide what weather should be in the background, so he shot the scene multiple times in differing conditions. He settled on a gloomy setting, deciding that snow would indicate a loop coming to an end. When Phil steps into the water-filled pothole, Murray wrapped his foot in Saran wrap, neoprene, and two pairs of socks. As soon as the scene finished, he began an expletive-filled rant until the costume department dried his foot with hairdryers to avoid frostbite. Tobolowsky recounted how before their scene's first take, Murray walked into a bakery and bought out the assorted pastries before throwing them out to the gathered onlookers, using Tobolowsky to help carry the load. One of the shopfronts in this scene, Woodstock Jewellers, betrays the actual filming location. Murray endured some physical abuse for some scenes, asking MacDowell to really slap him, while Ramis instructed the children Murray confronts in a snowball fight to throw hard. During filming, the crew took part in a benefit softball game against local players. Murray also rented out the Woodstock Theater (used for the exterior of the Punxsutawney theater) for the cast and crew, only to show them a bad French film as a practical joke. Residents recounted a story of he and MacDowell having a snowball fight at 3 a.m. during a break in filming.

The Woodstock Opera House served as both the exterior of Rita's hotel, and the scene of one of Phil's suicides

The real Gobbler's Knob is situated several miles outside of Punxsutawney on a wooded hill. The site was recreated to scale in Woodstock, using detailed notes and videos taken from a visit to Punxsutawney. During the scene in which Phil drives off with Punxsutawney Phil, the groundhog bit Murray on the knuckle. Despite wearing gloves, the bite broke the skin. It bit him again in the same location on a later take. Phil drives his car over a cliff in Nimtz Quarry in Loves Park, Illinois—approximately 34 miles outside of Woodstock. The scene was shot over approximately 2 weeks; much of the time was spent waiting for the right weather. A rail system was used to propel two different vehicles into the quarry to give Ramis a choice of shots. Pyrotechnics were used to make it explode.

Murray was hesitant about shooting the final scene where Murray wakes up next to Rita, revealing he had escaped the time loop. When Ramis asked him what the problem was, Murray explained that as the characters had just spent the night together, is Phil naked, wearing the same pajamas worn at the start of each loop, or the same clothes he slept next to Rita in? Ramis polled the crew who were split between wearing the same clothes as the previous night, and different clothes that suggested the pair had been intimate. A young female assistant set-director served as the tiebreaker. She said that they should be wearing the same clothes as the previous night as "anything else... will ruin the movie". As MacDowell's and Murray's characters venture outside the Cherry Tree Inn in the film's denouement, the scripted line "Let's live here" is tempered by a Murray adlib, "We'll rent to start".

Many locations around Woodstock were used in the production: the Woodstock Town Square, a bar in the former courthouse sits on the opposite side of the town square to its in-film location in Rita's hotel, portrayed by the Woodstock Opera House; Phil also performs one of his suicides by leaping from its tower. The Cherry Street Inn was a private residence; the interior was shot on a set. Woodstock City Lanes was used for the bowling alley scene. The Tip Top Cafe, setting for several Phil and Rita scenes, was purpose-built for the film. Later local demand led to it becoming a functioning diner. The bachelor auction where Phil demonstrates his personal transformation to Rita was filmed at the Woodstock Moose Lodge.

Release

The premiere of Groundhog Day took place on February 4, 1993, at the Fox Theater, Westwood Village in Westwood, Los Angeles.

The year 1993 was considered the year of the family film. This was seen as a response to criticism of Hollywood for the use of violence and sex in films, as well as a need for entertainment in a time of recession. As production costs were rising, films acceptable for both adults and children offered a greater chance of making profits both at the theater and in the ensuing home video rentals. By that year, the three highest-grossing films in North America were the family-oriented films E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Star Wars, and Home Alone. Family films also encouraged repeat business, and offered more opportunities to merchandise. Then-Columbia Pictures chairman Mark Canton said that PG-rated films were much more likely to make over $100 million, compared to adult-oriented fare. Groundhog Day was rated PG, allowing children access with parental permission. The film was seen as a potential sleeper hit.

Groundhog Day was one of many family films released that year, including Free Willy, Last Action Hero and the anticipated Jurassic Park which would go on to become the highest-grossing film of its time. The year was not just centered around the family. It would become considered one of the greatest years for film from a broad range of genres. There were blockbusters like Mrs. Doubtfire, The Fugitive, Sleepless in Seattle, and Indecent Proposal. Critical favorites such as Schindler's List, The Piano, and Philadelphia, and future classics like Dazed and Confused, Demolition Man, Army of Darkness, Batman: Mask of the Phantasm, and The Nightmare Before Christmas.

The premiere of Groundhog Day took place on February 4, 1993, at the Fox Theater in Westwood, Los Angeles. Murray did not attend the low-budget event, whose guests included comedian Rodney Dangerfield, and actresses Catherine O'Hara, Mimi Rogers, and Virginia Madsen. $40,000 of the entry ticket sales profits were donated to the Scleroderma Research Foundation and Turning Point Shelter. A second premiere took place the following day in Crystal Lake, Illinois followed by an auction of props and signed equipment from the film. All of the proceeds were donated to the Woodstock school district. The film was retitled in France and Brazil where it was known, respectively, as A Day Without End and The Black Hole of Love.

Box office

In North America, Groundhog Day received a wide release on February 12, 1993, across 1,640 theaters. The film earned $12.5 million—an average of $7,632 per theater. The film benefited from a 4-day weekend due to the President's Day holiday Monday. This increased it's weekend total to $14.6 million—enhancing the theater average to $8,934. This made it the second-biggest opening for a film released in winter, behind Wayne's World ($18 million) released the prior year. Groundhog Day finished as the number one film of the weekend, ahead of romantic drama Sommersby ($9.9 million), and adventure comedy Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey ($8.1 million), both in their second week of release. Screenings of the film were approximately 80% sold out. 65% of audiences polled said they would "definitely recommend" it.

The film retained the number 1 position in its second weekend with a further gross of $9.3 million. In its third weekend, it dropped to second place with $7.6 million, behind the debuting crime thriller Falling Down ($8.7 million). Groundhog Day remained in the top 10 grossing films for a further four weeks, earning a total of $57.6 million. It spent the remainder of its run outside of the top 10 apart from two brief resurgences—one during the long Easter weekend in mid-April where it rose to number 2, and approximately 15 weeks into its run, where it rose to number 7 after being released in low-price ticket theaters.

In total, the film earned an approximate box office gross of $70.9 million. Though it did not break any records, the film was considered a hit, if a modest one. It finished as the 10th highest-grossing film of 1993 behind Free Willy ($78 million) and Cliffhanger ($84 million). When accounting for films released at the end of 1993 that earned most of their box office in 1994, Groundhog Day becomes the 14th-highest-grossing film of 1993. Figures are not available for the film's performance outside of North America.

To celebrate its 25th-anniversary in February 2018, a remastered 4k resolution version of the film was released in select theaters.

Critical reception

Stephen Tobolowsky in 2012. His portrayal of insurance-selling "pest" Ned Ryerson was well-received.

Groundhog Day received generally positive reviews from critics. CinemaScore polls reported that moviegoers gave an average rating of "B+" on a scale of A+ to F.

It was seen as a significant change from Ramis' and Murray's previous works. Kenneth Turan appreciated it as a gentle, endearing, and smaller-scale film. Hal Hinson called it the best American comedy since 1982's Tootsie (also featuring Murray). He said that Groundhog Day demonstrated Ramis' capable comedic timing, and offered a clever plot without pretension. Reviewers compared it to a combination of It's a Wonderful life and the surreal science-fiction/horror television series The Twilight Zone (1959). Roger Ebert compared it to the Murray-starring Christmas-comedy Scrooged (1988), featuring a similar transformation from selfish to selfless. He said that where that film offered a "grim discontent", Groundhog Day offered optimism.

Reviewers agreed that the film had an obvious moral, but disagreed on its presentation. Desson Thomson said that the film was initially intriguing but deteriorated into a Hollywood-style morality tale. Conversely, Turan said that Groundhog Day started as a traditional Hollywood story, but is earnest enough to convert the audience by the end, and has a "romantic innocence" that prevents it becoming formulaic. Hinson said that the moral core of the story is never presented in a way that insults the viewer's intelligence or requires they sacrifice their cynicism to accept it. He continued that Phil evolves into a better version of himself, but he never stops being a jerk. Janet Maslin said that the film balanced sentimentality and nihilism. The Hollywood Reporter appreciated that the film endorsed the small town morals and the positive effect it has on Phil. The New Statesman said that it appealed simultaneously to cynicism and optimism.

The tone was described as inconsistent, and the film poorly paced, with some scenes going on too long. Owen Glieberman compared it unfavorably to another time-travel film, Back to the Future (1985), which he said was more cleverly structured. He described some scenes as isolated comedy sketches rather than part of a larger narrative. Thomson said that the repetition of scenes worked against the film, making it seem as if no progress was being made. Hinson countered that minor alterations to the scenes kept them interesting as part of a "brilliantly imaginative" and "complex" script. Some reviewers said that the humor was often mild, eliciting small chuckles instead of outright hilarity, although Hinson found it to be "wildly funny". The Hollywood Reporter wrote that it offered a range of comedy and satire, all tempered by the love story between Phil and Rita. Reviewers highlighted the deeper story behind the comedy. Ebert called it a comedy on the surface, but with an underlying thoughtfulness. Maslin said that her initial impression was of a lightweight fare, but it became "strangely affecting".

Murray received consistent praise for his performance. Reviewers were in agreement that his performance was essential to the film's success by making Phil's transformation believable. Gene Siskel wrote that any other actor could not have prevented the film from becoming too "saccharine". Turan said that Murray's natural gruffness and comedic barbs prevented over-sentimentality. Turan also appreciated the more endearing performance by Murray compared to his more abrasive, past performances. Hinson said that Murray had never been funnier. He continued that Murray was a vital component in keeping the film's optimism from seeming dishonest or manufactured. Hinson liked that even after Phil's redemption, he retains a cynical edge. Glieberman said that it is Murray's indifference that retains the audience's attention. However, he countered that while Murray is talented enough to play a redeemed person, it was not a good fit for him. Ebert said that Murray is significantly funnier as a sarcastic antagonist than the friendly protagonist.

Reviewers were similarly enamored with MacDowell's performance. Siskel said that she lit up the screen when she was on. Maslin called her a "thorough delight", saying that MacDowell's performance offered a comforting, comedic presence. Hinson said that the on-screen chemistry between MacDowell and Murray was "otherworldly" and that she was a perfect fit for comedy. Tobolowsky also received praise as a hilarious "pest".

Accolades

At the 1993 New York Film Critics Circle Awards, the screenplay came runner up for Best Screenplay, tying with Schindler's List. The same year, it won Best Comedy Film at the British Comedy Awards. In a then-unprecedented move, in late 1993, Columbia Pictures sent over 4,500 members of the Academy Awards voting committee a custom box containing tapes of nine of their films, aiming to boost their nomination prospects. The box contained potential Academy Award winners such as The Remains of the Day and The Age of Innocence, and Groundhog Day which was considered more forgettable fare. The campaign was estimated to have cost between $400,000 and $650,000. Even so, Groundhog Day received no nominations at the 67th Academy Awards.

At the 1994 BAFTA Awards, Rubin and Ramis won the award for Best Original Screenplay. MacDowell won the award for Best Actress at the 20th Saturn Awards ceremony. It also received nominations for Best Fantasy Film (losing to The Nightmare Before Christmas), Bill Murray for Best Actor (losing to Robert Downey Jr. in Heart and Souls), Best Writing and Best Direction (losing both to Jurassic Park), and Best Costumes for Jennifer Butler (losing to Hocus Pocus). At the American Comedy Awards, Murray and Elliott were nominated for, respectively, Funniest Actor and Funniest Supporting Actor. The film was nominated for Best Dramatic Presentation at the Hugo Awards, losing to Jurassic Park.

Post-release

Aftermath

Despite its relative success, a sequel was ruled out by November 1993. Groundhog Day was one of the films credited with helping to reverse Columbia's misfortunes at the box office, alongside the likes of the 1992 films Bram Stoker's Dracula, A Few Good Men, and A League of Their Own. Shortly after its release, author Richard A. Lupoff threatened legal action against the filmmakers, alleging the film copied his short story 12:01 and its associated 1993 short film adaptation about a man stuck in his own time loop. The case was never formally filed as the film's production company refused to support legal action. Similarly, Leon Arden also attempted legal action, claiming the film was a copy of one he had unsuccessfully pitched to Columbia Pictures about a man repeating the 15th of April. The judge ruled against Arden.

Murray initially hated the finished Groundhog Day. In a 1993 interview, he said that he wanted to focus on the comedy and the underlying theme of people repeating their lives out of fear of change. Ramis' wanted to focus on the redeeming power of love. Even so, Murray agreed that Ramis had ultimately been right to do so. The film marked the end of Ramis' and Murray's nearly 20-year long partnership that among other things, had created classic films like Caddyshack, Stripes, and Ghostbusters. After filming concluded, Murray stopped speaking to Ramis. He never contacted Ramis, and refused to speak about him in interviews. Conversely, Ramis openly spoke about Murray, both criticizing him and discussing his dreams where the pair were once again friends. Some of their close acquaintances, including producer Michael Shamberg, speculated that Murray had grown disillusioned with the assumption that his best work only came in collaboration with Ramis, or that Ramis was responsible for Murray's public persona. Ramis said that he could make Murray as funny as possible, and in return, Murray's improvisational skills could save even the most lackluster of scripts.

Murray considered that Groundhog Day gave him an opportunity to showcase a different side of himself. He admitted that he was bothered by his perception that his previous films focused on jokes without offering a deeper subtext. Even so, he said that he had found solace in meeting the people entertained by his work. Ramis believed that Murray's dramatic turns in films like Lost in Translation (2003) revealed more about Murray than anything else. Speaking in 2009, Ramis said that he thought Murray had grown tired of being the manic, energetic person carrying a film, and wanted to explore his potential. Ramis reached out to Murray to cast him in his 2005 black comedy The Ice Harvest. Murray's brother Brian declined on his behalf. When Ramis enquired further, Brian said that Ramis was never discussed by Murray. Except for a few brief exchanges at public events, the pair did not speak for nearly two decades. They reunited only in the final few months of Ramis' life in 2014. Rubin said that Murray and his brother now speak fondly of Ramis.

For Rubin, despite the film's success, he would not be credited with writing any further films. He became in high demand but had retained his desire to tell original stories. When offered jobs, he would refuse to tell a traditional Hollywood story arc as he found defying the expected premise and structure to be the most interesting part for him. This was not acceptable for studios looking for him to simply put a Rubin-esque spin on a conventional story. Eventually, the offers stopped coming. He continued to write scripts, but none progressed. In a 2017 interview, Rubin admitted some regret that Groundhog Day remained his biggest success.

Home media

Groundhog Day was released on VHS in early September 1993. It debuted at number 11 on the VHS rental chart, rising to number 1 by the end of September, replacing Falling Down. It remained the number 1 rental until mid-October when it was knocked off the top spot by Point of No Return at number 2 and Aladdin at number 1. It was considered the most successful comedy release of the autumn. By 1997, the film was estimated to have earned $32.5 million in rentals.

The earliest DVD release of Groundhog Day was in 1998. It would not be until the 2002 "Special Edition" DVD that the releases featured any additional content: it included the film's trailers, an audio commentary by Ramis, and The Weight of Time—a behind-the-scenes documentary about the making of the film, featuring interviews with some of the cast and crew. Murray did not participate. A 15th-Anniversary Edition DVD was released in January 2008. The film was digitally remastered under Ramis's supervision. This set included Ramis' audio commentary and The Weight of Time, and added an interview with Ramis, a short documentary on groundhogs, and deleted scenes. This version was later released on Blu-ray disc in 2009, with an additional picture-in-picture feature with Tobolowsky reprising his role as Ned to provide facts about the film.

In 2018, for the film's 25th anniversary, Groundhog Day was remastered in Ultra HD 4k resolution from the original 35mm film reel. This version was released as an Ultra HD Blu-ray disc, Blu-ray disc, and a digital download. It included the same extras as 15th-Anniversary editions.

Legacy

A floor-positioned plaque commemorating the pothole Bill Murray's character steps in during Groundhog Day

Groundhog Day is now considered one of the most beloved comedies films ever made, an all-time classic, and a pop-culture touchstone. In 2020, Paste described it as having a "mythic, permanent pop cultural status reserved for few films". The film's success made Ramis a credible comedy director, opening up more creative opportunities for him. Over the rest of the 1990s, he would direct 1996's Multiplicity (also starring MacDowell), 1999's Analyze This, and 2000's Bedazzled. Groundhog Day also showcased Murray's capabilities as an actor. Prior to the film, Murray was seen as only a comedian. Afterward, he was a credible romantic lead and a talented actor with a broad acting range. His performance was seen as a transitioning point to later roles in serious films like Rushmore (1998), his Academy Award-nominated performance in Lost in Translation, and Moonrise Kingdom (2012). Rubin started a blog in 2007, that featured fictional conversations between himself and Phil Connors, who had since retired to live on a mountainside near Taos, New Mexico. Rubin went on to teach screenwriting at Harvard University for several years.

Its impact on Woodstock and Punxsutawney was lasting and significant. Since the film's release, Woodstock has hosted its own Groundhog Day festivals complete with groundhog Woodstock Willie. The event has included screenings of the film and walking tours of filming locations. The town attracts approximately 1,000 tourists from across the world for its event, which has featured appearances by Albert, Rubin, and Tobolowsky. In contrast, Punxsutawney, which once drew only a few hundred visitors to its festival, has since attracted tens of thousands. The year following the films release, over 35,000 people visited the town for Groundhog Day. Residents appreciate the film's impact on the town, but assert that their focus remains on Punxsutawney Phil and the long-lived festival. In Woodstock, plaques are positioned at key locations used in the film commemorating moments including Phil meeting Ned, the pothole in which Phil trips, and the town square pavilion where Phil and Rita share a dance.

As of 2016, Rubin had continued to receive mail from global fans, philosophers, and religious leaders with content ranging from simple letters to sermons and dissertations. He has spoken of psychiatrists who recommend the film to their patients, and addicts who have told him that it helped them realize they were trapped in a repeating cycle of their own. Some time after the film's release, Murray changed his opinion about it. He called it "probably the best work I've done", tempering that with "and probably the best work Harold will ever do." In 2010, Tobolowsky said: "When I got the part, it was still kind of a mediocre Bill Murray movie... no consequences, in comic situations... It wasn't until we got into the shooting that everything turned on its head. And it became not only a good movie, not only a great movie, but a classic."

Lasting critical reception

Groundhog Day is considered one of the greatest films ever made. It is listed in the film reference book 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die, which says:

...Bill Murray gives what may be the best and warmest performance of his career in this genius comedy—arguably the best of the 1990s ... It's a terrific conceit (one that is never explained, which makes it even better) ... there are delicious running gags including waking up to the same banter and Sonny and Cher song ("I've Got You Babe") on the radio; seeing Stephen Tobolowsky in a superb turn as irritating insurance salesman Ned Ryerson, and knowing what is going to happen before it does. Groundhog Day is both wonderfully clever and hysterically funny—comedy is rarely this perfect.

In 2004, The New Yorker called it Ramis' masterpiece. In 2005, as part of his The Great Movies series, Ebert raised his original score for the film from three stars to a full four stars. In this updated review, Ebert said that he had underestimated the film. He continued that Murray's performance was essential to making the film work. That same year, Jonah Goldberg called it one of the best films of the previous 40 years, positioning it alongside It's a Wonderful Life as one of America's most uplifting and timeless films. In 2009, literary theorist Stanley Fish listed it as one of the ten best American films ever. He wrote "The comedy and the philosophy (how shall one live?) do not sit side by side, but inhabit each other in a unity that is incredibly satisfying." In 2020, Collider said that it is one of the best films ever made. The Guardian attributes its lasting appeal to its use of a classic redemption arc like Ebenezer Scrooge in the 1843 novella A Christmas Carol, and its refusal to explain why the loop occurs, making it less like a typical mainstream film.

In 2001, the American Film Institute (AFI) ranked Groundhog Day number 34 on its 100 Years...100 Laughs list recognizing the best comedy films. In 2005, the film's screenplay was listed as the twenty-seventh greatest screenplay of the preceding 75 years on the Writer's Guild of America's (WGA) 101 Greatest Screenplays list. In 2008, the AFI polled 1,500 film industry members to gauge the top 10 films across every classic American genre. Groundhog Day was listed as the eighth best Fantasy film. That same year Empire listed the film at number 259, on its list of the 500 Greatest Movies of All Time. In 2014, The Hollywood Reporter's entertainment industry-voted ranking named it the sixty-third best film of all time. In 2015, the screenplay was listed as the third funniest on the WGA's 101 Funniest Screenplays list, positioning it behind Some Like It Hot (1958) and Annie Hall (1977). In 2017, the BBC polled 253 critics (118 female, 135 male) from across 52 countries on the funniest film made. Groundhog Day came fourth, behind Annie Hall, Dr. Strangelove (1964), and Some Like It Hot.

Several publications have ranked it as one of the greatest comedy films of all time, including: number one by Empire (2019); number five by Time Out; number 10 by Rotten Tomatoes; number 11 by IGN; number 18 by Paste; number 23 by The Daily Telegraph; and unranked by Film School Rejects and Vogue. Rotten Tomatoes also listed the film number 86 on its list of 200 essential movies to watch. Similarly, it has been ranked as one of the greatest films of the 1990s, including: number 4 by IndieWire; number 5 by Slate; number 11 by Rolling Stone; number 12 by ShortList; number 15 by The A.V. Club; number 28 by Rotten Tomatoes; number 41 by Slant Magazine; number 55 by the British Film Institute; and unranked by Time Out. Rotten Tomatoes offers a 96% approval rating from the aggregated reviews of 79 critics, with an average rating of 8.05/10. The consensus reads, "Smart, sweet, and inventive, Groundhog Day highlights Murray's dramatic gifts while still leaving plenty of room for laughs". The film also has a score of 72 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 15 critics indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Cultural impact

Andie MacDowell with a groundhog on Groundhog Day 2008

A prescient review by the writer William Goldman in 1993 said "I think Groundhog Day is the one that will be - of all of the movies that came out this year, it's the one that will be remembered in 10 years". In a less prescient review that same year, Desson Thomson said "'Groundhog' will never be designated a national film treasure by the Library of Congress." In 2006, the film was selected by the United States Library of Congress to be preserved in the National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". In April 2018, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences celebrated the film's 25th anniversary with a special one-night screening at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California.

Several filmmakers have spoken of their appreciation for Groundhog Day or cited it as an inspiration on their own careers, including David O. Russell, Terry Jones, and Jay Roach. Roach called it the film that "changed him". Gillian Wearing called it one of her favorite films, citing its unusual structure and intelligent philosophical message. The film's success helped to legitimize the use of fantasy in mainstream comedy films, laying the groundwork for future fantasy comedies such as Liar Liar (1997), The Truman Show (1998), and Click (2006).

The phrase "Groundhog Day" has become a common term to reference a repetitive, unpleasant and monotonous situation. It is recognised by dictionaries under two definitions: the holiday itself, and "a situation in which events are or appear to be continually repeated." The terms use is such that it has even been defined as a cliché to refer to a situation as such. It has been invoked (sometimes inaccurately) by singers, sports stars, comedians, actors, politicians, archbishops, and even former Guantanamo Bay detention camp inmates. Then-President Bill Clinton referenced the film in a 1996 speech to troops stationed in Bosnia. The term was used during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, to refer to the monotony of quarantine and isolation associated with attempts to stem the spread of the virus.

The narrative concept of someone trapped in a repeating segment of time can be traced back as far as 1904, and is a popular trope, particularly in science-fiction tales. Groundhog Day was responsible for popularizing the idea to the general public. The adaptability of the premise has allowed it to be used in other media: films (Naken (2000) Source Code (2009), Edge of Tomorrow (2014), Happy Death Day (2017) and its sequel) and television shows (Russian Doll, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Angel, and The X-Files). These narratives often involve a central flawed character who must evolve to escape their chronological imprisonment. The influence of Groundhog Day is such that TV Tropes refers to this narrative arc as the "Groundhog Day Loop". Rubin noted that with his script, he "stumbled upon a story with all the makings of a classic, so simple and true that it could be retold many different ways by many different storytellers." It has been referenced across a range of media, including the 1998 novel About a Boy, the music video for the Craig David song "7 Days", and the Doctor Who audio drama Flip-Flop, that features a time loop on the planet Punxsutawnee.

On February 2, 2016, fans in Liverpool, England gathered to watch the film repeatedly for 24 hours. Since February 2 that year (apart from 2017), Sky Cinema has played the film on repeat for 24 hours. In 2018, the New York Museum of Modern Art debuted a series of films chosen by polling 35 literary and religious scholars, starting with Groundhog Day. The rest of the films chosen were bleaker, intellectual fare. There was conflict between the scholars as so many of them wanted to write about the film for the presentation.

Sequels and adaptations

Main article: Groundhog Day (musical)

Tim Minchin (left) in 2012 and Matthew Warchus in 2014. They worked alongside Danny Rubin to create the Groundhog Day musical.

A direct sequel was ruled out shortly after the film's release in 1993. Rubin also holds a story credit on the 2004 Italian remake of Groundhog Day, called È già ieri (translated as It's Already Yesterday), and commonly known as Stork Day. When asked about a sequel in 2018, MacDowell said it would never happen because "I know [Murray]. He's not going to do it." Despite this, Murray, Tobolowsky, and Doyle-Murray reprised their roles in a commercial for the Jeep Gladiator played during Super Bowl LIV on February 2, 2020. Filmed in Woodstock, the commercial recreates scenes from the film, and features Murray again trapped in a time loop. He uses the Jeep Gladiator to explore Punxsutawney alongside Punxsutawney Phil. Murray called it his first and last commercial. In April 2020, Jeep released a series of modified versions of the advert to promote social distancing during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. Murray provided creative input on the edit.

In the years since the film's release, Rubin had worked on a musical adaptation of Groundhog Day, partly out of boredom and partly because a musical was not covered by the rights he had signed over to Columbia. In 2003, Stephen Sondheim expressed interest creating a musical but this project was never realized. When Matthew Warchus and Tim Minchin approached Rubin in 2012, he had already developed a narrative outline, jokes, and a refined list of 12 songs. He had been unable to progress the idea further without a composer. Coming off the success of Matilda the Musical, Warchus and Minchin collaborated with Rubin for several years to produce the Groundhog Day musical. The musical debuted in August 2016, at The Old Vic theatre in London to generally positive reviews. A Broadway version began in 2017. The show was nominated for several awards at the 2017 Laurence Olivier Awards, winning Best Actor and Best New Musical. Murray attended a Broadway show in 2017, alongside Doyle-Murray and Rubin.

A video game narrative sequel was released in September 2019. Groundhog Day: Like Father Like Son was developed by Tequila Works and published by Sony Pictures Virtual Reality for PlayStation VR, Oculus Rift, and HTC Vive. The game casts players as Phil's son, Phil Connors Jr., who has grown up in the shadow of his beloved father. Phil Jr. becomes trapped in his own time loop in Punxsutawney and is forced to help others and improve himself to earn his freedom.

Works cited

• Gilbey, Ryan (2004). Groundhog Day. London, England: British Film Institute. ISBN 1844570320.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Schneider, Steven Jay (2013). 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die. Boston, Massachusetts: Murdoch Books Pty Limited. ISBN 978-0-7641-6613-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Slahi, Mohamedou Ould (2015). Guantánamo Diary. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-32860-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Further reading

• Rubin, Danny (2012). How to Write "Groundhog Day". Boston: Triad Publishing. ASIN B0072PEV6U.
• List of films featuring time loops

External links

• Groundhog Day on IMDb
• Groundhog Day at the TCM Movie Database
• Groundhog Day at AllMovie
• Groundhog Day at the American Film Institute Catalog
• Groundhog Day at Box Office Mojo
• Groundhog Day at Rotten Tomatoes