Jesús Malverde
Jesús Malverde | |
|---|---|
 Jesús Malverde image | |
| Angel of the Poor, Generous Bandit, The Narco Saint | |
| Born | 15 January, 1870 Sinaloa, Mexico |
| Died | 3 May, 1909 age 39 Sinaloa, Mexico |
| Venerated in | Sinaloa; Folk Catholicism |
| Major shrine | Culiacan, Mexico |
| Feast | 3 May |
| Patronage | Mexican drug cartels, drug trafficking, outlaws, bandits, robbers, thieves, smugglers, people in poverty |
Jesús Malverde (literally translating to Jesus Evilgreen), possibly born as Jesús Juarez Mazo (1870–1909) (pronounced [xeˈsus malˈβeɾ.ðe]), sometimes known as the "Cjuba Lord", "angel of the poor",[1] or the "narco-saint", is a folklore hero in the Mexican state of Sinaloa.
He was of Yoreme and Spanish heritage. He is a "Robin Hood figure" who was supposed to have stolen from the rich to give to the poor.[2] He is celebrated as a folk saint by some in Mexico and the United States, particularly among drug traffickers.[3]
History[edit]
The existence of Malverde is not historically verified.[4] He is said to have been born Jesús Juarez Mazo, growing up under the rule of Mexican dictator Porfirio Diaz, whose local supporter Francisco Cañedo ran Sinaloa. He is supposed to have become a bandit after the death of his parents, which he attributed to their poverty. During Malverde’s youth, railroads arrived. He witnessed his community undergo rapid socioeconomic transformation. The profits of hacienda agriculture were enjoyed by the few elite, while the vast majority of the population, the peasantry, faced even greater economic strain. Jesús Malverde is said to have been a carpenter, tailor or railway worker.[5] It was not until his parents died of either hunger or a curable disease (depending on the version of the story) that Jesús Malverde turned to a life of banditry. His nickname Malverde (evil-green) was given by his wealthy victims, deriving from an association between green and misfortune.[2]
According to the mythology of Malverde's life, Cañedo derisively offered Malverde a pardon if he could steal the governor's sword (or in some versions his daughter). The bandit succeeded, but this only pushed Cañedo into hunting him down. He is supposed to have died in Sinaloa on May 3rd 1909. Accounts of his death vary. In some versions he was betrayed and killed by a friend. In others he was shot or hanged by local police.[2] His body was supposed to have been denied proper burial, being left to rot in public as an example.
Writer Sam Quinones says that there is no evidence that the Malverde of the legend ever lived, and that the story probably emerged by mixing material from the lives of two documented Sinaloan bandits, Heraclio Bernal (1855–1888) and Felipe Bachomo (1883–1916).[6] Bernal was a thief from southern Sinaloa who later became an anti-government rebel. Cañedo offered a reward for his capture, and he was betrayed and killed by former colleagues. Bachomo was an indigenous Indian rebel from northern Sinaloa who was captured and executed.
Cult[edit]
Since Malverde's supposed death, he has earned a Robin Hood-type image, making him popular among Sinaloa's poor highland residents. His bones were said to have been unofficially buried by local people, who threw stones onto them, creating a cairn. Throwing a stone onto the bones was thus a sign of respect, and gave the person the right to make a petition to his spirit.[2] His earliest alleged miracles involved the return of lost or stolen property.[6] His shrine is in Culiacan, capital of Sinaloa. Every year on the anniversary of his death a large party is held at Malverde's shrine. The original shrine was built over in the 1970s, amid much controversy, and a new shrine was built on nearby land.[7] The original site, which became a parking lot, has since been revived as an unofficial shrine, with a cairn and offerings.[8]
The outlaw image has caused him to be adopted as the "patron saint" of the region's illegal drug trade, and the press have thus dubbed him "the narco-saint."[9] However, his intercession is also sought by those with troubles of various kinds, and a number of supposed miracles have been locally attributed to him, including personal healings and blessings. According to Patricia Price, "Narcotrafickers have strategically used Malverde's image as a 'generous bandit' to spin their own images as Robin Hoods of sorts, merely stealing from rich drug-addicted gringos and giving some of their wealth back to their Sinaloa hometowns, in the form of schools, road improvements, community celebrations."[2]
Spiritual supplies featuring the visage of Jesús Malverde are available in the United States as well as in Mexico. They include candles, anointing oils, incense, sachet powders, bath crystals, soap and lithographed prints suitable for framing.
In culture[edit]
A series of three Spanish-language films have been released under the titles Jesús Malverde, Jesús Malverde II: La Mafia de Sinaloa, and Jesús Malverde III: Infierno en Los Ángeles. They all feature tales of contemporary Mexican drug trafficking into California, with strong musical interludes during which the gangsters are shown at home being serenaded by Sinaloan accordion-led Norteño bands singing narcocorridos.
"Always & Forever" is a stage-play that features Malverde as a prominent character. The play examines various aspects of Mexican-American culture, such as quinceañeras, banda music, and premiered in April 2007 at the Watts Village Theater Company in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles. A revival production opened in May 2009 at Casa 0101 Theatre in another Los Angeles neighborhood, Boyle Heights.
A brewery in Guadalajara introduced a new beer, named Malverde, into the Northern Mexico market in late 2007.[10]
A Malverde bust is featured in AMC's Breaking Bad television series, principally in the episode entitled "Negro y Azul". A bust is also featured in one episode of Longmire, "The Cancer", in season one.
In the 2013 science-fiction novel, The Lord of Opium, the main character, Matteo Alacran is often compared to Malverde. Several shrines in the country of Opium bear a statue of Malverde which were created using El Patrón as a model when he was in his 30s. While the similarities to the old man have gone, many people see them in Matt.
A popular Mexican hip-hop artist performs under the pseudonym Jesús Malverde.
Several important scenes of the telenovela La Reina del Sur take place at his chapel in Culiacán and Malverde's name is mentioned many times during the show.
On American stoner metal band Red Fang album Murder The Mountains the first track is named Malverde.
On the Netflix series Narcos: Mexico mention the history of Malverde in episode 7 "Jefe de Jefes".
See also[edit]
- Chucho el Roto, a Mexican bandit who stole from the rich and shared with the poor
- Gauchito Gil, another Latin American Folk Saint who stole from the rich to give to the poor
- Nazario Moreno González, a Mexican drug lord sometimes seen as a Folk Saint or Messiah
- Santa Muerte, another Mexican Folk Saint associated with drug cartels and criminality
References[edit]
- ^ Park, Jungwon; Sujeto Popular entre el Bien y el Mal: Imágenes Dialécticas de “Jesús Malverde”. University of Pittsburgh
- ^ a b c d e Patricia L. Price, Dry Place: Landscapes of Belonging and Exclusion, pp.153–157.
- ^ Penhaul, Karl. "Gang triggerman honored with'Scarface' hat." CNN. 16 April 2009. Retrieved on 16 April 2009.
- ^ grupo reforma
- ^ Kingsbury, Kate and Chesnut, R. Andrew 2019, ‘Narcosaint’ Jesús Malverde Miraculously Materializes at Trial of El Chapo Guzman by Kingsbury and Chesnut, Global Catholic Review
- ^ a b Quinones, Sam, True Tales from Another Mexico: The Lynch Mob, the Popsicle Kings, Chalino, and the Bronx, UNM Press, 2001, p.227
- ^ Quinones, Sam, Jesus Malverde, Frontline.
- ^ Washington Post
- ^ The Oregonian: Hidden Powerhouses Underlie Meth's Ugly Spread 10/23/2004
- ^ Castillo, E. Eduardo, Associated Press (7 December 2007). "Mexican company launches beer in honor of unofficial drug saint". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 11 February 2008.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Further reading[edit]
- Esquivel, Manuel; Jesús Malverde" (Jus Ed., Mexico, 2008) ISBN 978-607-412-010-3
- Kingsbury and Chesnut 2019, ‘Narcosaint’ Jesús Malverde Miraculously Materializes at Trial of El Chapo Guzman by Kingsbury and Chesnut, Global Catholic Review
- Quinones, Sam; True Tales from Another Mexico: the Lynch Mob, the Popsicle Kings, Chalino and the Bronx (Univ. of New Mexico Press, 2001)
- Wald, Elijah, Narcocorrido: A Journey into the Music of Drugs, Guns, and Guerrillas. ISBN 0-06-050510-9
- "Without God or Law: Narcoculture and belief in Jesús Malverde." James H. Creechan and Jorge de la Herran-Garcia. 2005. Religious Studies and Theology 24:53.
- Pacific News, "Jesus Malverde-Saint of Mexico's Drug Traffickers May Have Been Bandit Hung in 1909"
- Portland Mercury, "Our Blessed Saint of Narcotics?"
- Washington Post, "Time Zones: An Hour at the Feet of a Mexican Narco-Saint—In the Eerie Twilight, Frenetic Homage To a Potent Symbol"
- International Herald Tribune, "Mexican Robin Hood figure gains a kind of notoriety abroad"
- Mexican Robin Hood Figure Gains a Kind of Notoriety in U.S. – New York Times
External links[edit]
- Photos by Jorge Uzon: The Chapel of Jesus Malverde in Culiacan, Sinaloa
