New York City Police Department

"New York City Cops" redirects here. For the Strokes song, see New York City Cops (song).

"New York Police Department" and "NYPD" redirect here. For other uses, see NYPD (disambiguation).

City of New York Police Department
Patch
Patrol officer shield
Flag
Common name	New York City Police Department
Abbreviation	NYPD
Motto	Fidelis ad mortem (Latin) "Faithful to Death"
Agency overview
Formed	May 23, 1845 (1845-05-23)
Employees	55,304
Annual budget	US$5.6 billion (2018)
Jurisdictional structure
Operations jurisdiction	New York City, New York, U.S.
Size	468.484 sq mi (1,213.37 km2)
Population	8,398,748 (est. 2018)
Legal jurisdiction	As per operations jurisdiction
General nature	Local civilian police Local civilian agency
Headquarters	One Police Plaza, Lower Manhattan
Police officers	38,422
Non-officers	19,000
Police Commissioner responsible	Dermot F. Shea
Agency executive	Terence Monahan, Chief of Department
Units	List of units Auxiliary police Emergency service Highway patrol Housing bureau Major case squad School safety Transportation bureau
Facilities
Commands	77 precincts 12 transit districts 9 housing police service areas
Police cars	9,624
Police boats	11
Helicopters	8
Horses	45
Dogs	34
Website
Official website

The New York City Police Department (NYPD), officially the City of New York Police Department, is the primary law enforcement agency within the City of New York. Established on May 23, 1845, the NYPD is one of the oldest police departments in the United States, and is the largest police force in the United States. The NYPD headquarters is at 1 Police Plaza, located on Park Row in Lower Manhattan across the street from City Hall. The department's mission is to "enforce the laws, preserve the peace, reduce fear, and provide for a safe environment". The NYPD's regulations are compiled in title 38 of the New York City Rules. The New York City Transit Police and New York City Housing Authority Police Department were fully integrated into the NYPD in 1995 by New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani.

In June 2004, there were about 45,000 sworn officers plus several thousand civilian employees; in June 2005, the number of officers dropped to 35,000. In December 2011 that figure increased slightly to over 36,600, helped by the graduation of a class of 1,500 from the New York City Police Academy. As of fiscal year 2018, the NYPD's current authorized uniformed strength is 38,422. There are also approximately 4,500 auxiliary police officers, 5,000 school safety agents, 2,300 traffic enforcement agents, and 370 traffic enforcement supervisors currently employed by the department. The Police Benevolent Association of the City of New York (NYC PBA), the largest municipal police union in the United States, represents over 50,000 active and retired NYC police officers.

The NYPD has a broad array of specialized services, including the Emergency Service Unit, K9, harbor patrol, air support, bomb squad, counter-terrorism, criminal intelligence, anti-gang, anti-organized crime, narcotics, public transportation, and public housing. The NYPD Intelligence Division & Counter-Terrorism Bureau has officers stationed in eleven cities internationally. In the 1990s the department developed a CompStat system of management which has also since been established in other cities.

The NYPD has extensive crime scene investigation and laboratory resources, as well as units which assist with computer crime investigations. In 2005, the NYPD established a "Real Time Crime Center" to assist in investigations; this is essentially a searchable database the pulls information from departmental records, including traffic tickets, court summonses, and previous complaints to reports, as well as arrest reports. The database contains databases to identify individuals based on tattoos, body marks, teeth, and skin conditions, based on police records. NYPD also maintains the Domain Awareness System, a network that provides information and analytics to police, drawn from a variety of sources, including a network of 9,000 publicly and privately owned surveillance cameras, license plate readers, ShotSpotter data, NYPD databases and radiation and chemical sensors.

Due to its high-profile location in the largest city and media center in the United States, fictionalized versions of the NYPD and its officers have frequently been portrayed in novels, radio, television, motion pictures, and video games.

History

Main article: History of the New York City Police Department

The Municipal Police were established in 1845, replacing an old night watch system. Mayor William Havemeyer shepherded the NYPD together, originating the phrase "New York (City)'s Finest". In 1857, it was tumultuously replaced by a metropolitan force, which abolished the Municipal Police. Twentieth-century trends included professionalization and struggles against corruption.

Rank structure

Officers graduate from the Police Academy after five and a half to six months (or sometimes more) of training in various academic, physical, and tactical fields. For the first 18 months of their careers, they are designated as "Probationary Police Officers", or more informally, "rookies".

There are three career "tracks" in the NYPD: supervisory, investigative, and specialist. The supervisory track consists of nine ranks; promotion to the ranks of sergeant, lieutenant, and captain are made via competitive civil service examinations. After reaching the rank of captain, promotion to the ranks of deputy inspector, inspector, deputy chief, assistant chief, (bureau) chief and chief of department is at the discretion of the police commissioner. Promotion from the rank of police officer to detective is discretionary by the police commissioner or required by law when the officer has performed eighteen months or more of investigative duty.

Detectives (investigator and specialist)

There are two basic types of detective in the NYPD: "detective-investigators" and "detective-specialists". Detective-investigators are what most people associate with the term "detective", being those most frequently portrayed in media. Detective-investigators are assigned to each precinct and investigate murders, rapes, burglaries and other crimes within that precinct's boundaries. Other detective-investigators are assigned to specialized units that cover multiple precincts or the whole city, investigating terrorist groups, organized crime, extortion, bias crimes, political corruption, police corruption, and other complex, politically sensitive or high-profile cases. A squad of detective-investigators is also assigned to each of the city's five district attorneys' offices.

Promotion from "police officer" to "detective-investigator" is based on investigative experience; typically, a police officer who is assigned to investigative work for 18 months will be formally designated "detective-investigator". In the recent past, however, there has been controversy over the department compelling police officers to work past the 18 months without receiving the new title. Newly appointed detectives are designated "Detective, 3rd grade", with pay roughly between that of "police officer" and "sergeant". A "Detective, 2nd grade" has a pay grade slightly less than sergeants. "Detective, 1st grade" is an elite designation for the department's most senior investigators, with a pay grade slightly less than lieutenants.

All promotions to "grades" of detective are discretionary on the part of the Commissioner and can be revoked if warranted. All detective grades are junior to all supervisory ranks (Sergeant and above), and none have supervisory authority. While senior detectives can give directions to junior detectives in their own squads, not even the most senior detective can lawfully issue orders to the most junior patrol officer. Detectives, like patrol officers, are eligible to take the promotional civil service exams for entry into the supervisory ranks. Contrary to some media portrayals, there is no specific rank of "Detective Sergeant" or "Detective Lieutenant" in the NYPD. Lieutenants and Sergeants are assigned to supervise detective squads, and a small percentage of these officers are granted the prestigious pay grade designations of "Sergeant—Supervisor Detective Squad" (SDS), or Lieutenant—Commander Detective Squad (CDS), therefore assuming full investigative command responsibility as opposed to operational supervision. Their pay grade rises to an approximate midpoint between that of their normal rank and the next highest rank's pay grade. Similar to a detective's "grade", this is also a discretionary promotion.

Lieutenant debriefing officers at Times Square

Lieutenants and sergeants in non-investigatory assignments can be designated lieutenant-special assignment or sergeant-special assignment, with pay equivalent to their investigative counterparts. "Detective-specialists" are a relatively new designation and one unique to the NYPD. In the 1980s, many detectives resented that some officers were being granted the rank of detective in order to give them increased pay and status, but were not being assigned to investigative duties. Examples included officers assigned as bodyguards and drivers to the mayor, police commissioner and other senior officials. To remedy this situation, the rank of detective-specialist was created. These officers are typically found in specialized units because they possess a unique or esoteric skill the department needs, e.g., executive protection units, community affaires or NCO's, emergency service unit, sharpshooter, patrol instructor, helicopter instructor, etc. The system of "grades" for detective-specialist is identical to those for detective-investigator.

Badges

Badges in the New York City Police Department are referred to as "shields" (the traditional term), though not all badge designs are strictly shield-shaped. Every rank has a different badge design (with the exception of "police officer" and "probationary police officer"), and upon change in rank officers receive a new badge. Lower-ranked police officers are identified by their shield numbers, and tax registry number. Lieutenants and above do not have shield numbers and are identified by tax registry number. All sworn members of the NYPD have their ID card photos taken against a red background. Civilian employees of the NYPD have their ID card photos taken against a blue background, signifying that they are not commissioned to carry a firearm. All ID cards have an expiration date.

Title	Insignia	Badge design	Badge color	Badge number	Uniform
Chief of Department		Medallion with eagle, oak leaves and star(s)	Gold, with star(s)	No	White shirt, black peaked cap, gold hat badge
Bureau Chief Bureau Chief Chaplain † Supervising Chief Surgeon
Assistant Chief Assistant Chief Chaplain † Assistant Chief Surgeon
Deputy Chief Deputy Chief Chaplain † District Surgeon		Chaplain and Surgeon badges differ
Inspector Chaplain † Police Surgeon		Chaplain and Surgeon badges differ	Gold
Deputy Inspector
Captain
Lieutenant
Sergeant	(sleeve)			Yes	Navy blue shirt, peaked cap, gold hat badge
Detective (grades 3rd–1st)	None
Police Officer			Silver	Yes, matching hat badge	Navy blue shirt, peaked cap, silver hat badge with matching number
Probationary Police Officer
Recruit Officer				Yes	Slate grey, black garrison cap
Cadet		None

^ †: Uniform rank that has no police powers

Officers from the Emergency Service Unit

Police boat patrolling the East River

Motorcycle police officer speaks with a passerby

Organization and structure

Main article: Organization of the New York City Police Department

1 Police Plaza, NYPD HQ

The Department is administered and governed by the Police Commissioner, who is appointed by the mayor. Technically, the Commissioner serves a five-year term; as a practical matter, they serve at the mayor's pleasure. The commissioner in turn appoints numerous deputy commissioners. By default, the commissioner and their subordinate deputies are civilians under an oath of office and are not sworn officers. However, a commissioner who comes up from the sworn ranks retains the status and statutory powers of a police officer while serving as commissioner. This affects their police pensions, and their ability to carry a firearm without a pistol permit. Some police commissioners carry a personal firearm, but they also have a full-time security detail.

Commissioners and Deputy Commissioners are administrators who supersede the chief of department, and they usually specialize in areas of great importance to the Department, such as counterterrorism, support services, public information, legal matters, intelligence, and information technology. However, as civilian administrators, deputy commissioners are prohibited from taking operational control of a police situation (the Commissioner and the first deputy commissioner may take control of these situations, however). Within the rank structure, there are also designations, known as "grades", that connote differences in duties, experience, and pay. However, supervisory functions are generally reserved for the rank of sergeant and above.

Office of the Chief of Department

The Chief of Department serves as the senior sworn member of the NYPD. Terence Monahan is the 40th individual to hold the post, which prior to 1987 was known as the chief of operations and before that as chief inspector.

Bureaus

The Department is divided into twenty bureaus, which are typically commanded by a uniformed bureau chief (such as the chief of patrol and the chief of housing) or a civilian deputy commissioner (such as the Deputy Commissioner of Information Technology). The bureaus fit under four umbrellas: Patrol, Transit & Housing, Investigative, and Administrative. Bureaus are often subdivided into smaller divisions and units.

Bureau	Commander	Description	Subdivisions
Patrol Services Bureau	Chief of Patrol	The Patrol Services Bureau is the largest and most visible bureau in the NYPD, overseeing the majority of the department's uniformed officers on patrol.	The bureau is divided into eight borough commands, which are further divided into 77 police precincts.
Special Operations Bureau	Chief of Special Operations	The Special Operations Bureau was created to enhance the department's coordinated response to major events and incidents that require specifically trained and equipped personnel.	The bureau oversees the Emergency Service Unit, the Aviation Unit, the Harbor Unit, and the Mounted Unit. The bureau is also responsible for the Strategic Response Group and the Crisis Outreach and Support Unit.
Transit Bureau	Chief of Transit	The Transit Bureau is responsible for the safety and security of the 5.6 million passengers who use the New York City subways each day. Members of the Transit Bureau patrol the subway's 25 lines, 472 stations, and nearly 250 miles of passenger rail line.	The bureau comprises 12 transit districts, each located within or adjacent to the subway system, and overseen by three borough commands: Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Bronx/Queens. District personnel are supplemented by members of several specialized units within the Transit Bureau—including three borough Task Forces, Anti-Terrorism Unit, Citywide Vandals Task Force, Canine Unit, Special Projects Unit, and MetroCard Fraud Task Force.
Housing Bureau	Chief of Housing	The Housing Bureau is responsible for the safety of nearly a half-million residents, employees, and visitors in the city's housing developments.	The bureau is divided into nine police service areas, which each cover a collection of housing developments.
Transportation Bureau	Chief of Transportation	The Transportation Bureau is responsible for the safety and security of motorists, passengers, pedestrians, and cyclists on the streets and highways throughout New York City and manages traffic control.	The bureau oversees the Traffic Management Center, Highway District, Traffic Operations District, and Traffic Enforcement District, in addition to several units.
Counterterrorism Bureau	Chief of Counterterrorism	The NYPD Counterterrorism Bureau (CT) is the city's primary local resource to guard against the threat of international and domestic terrorism in New York City.	The bureau contains the Critical Response Command, Counterterrorism Division, Terrorism Threat Analysis Group, Lower Manhattan Security Initiative, and World Trade Center Command.
Crime Control Strategies Bureau	Chief of Crime Control Strategies	The Office of Crime Control Strategies analyzes and monitors trends across the city and develops strategies targeted to reducing crime, ensuring that these strategies are applied across all units of the NYPD.	The bureau is divided into the CompStat Unit and Crime Analysis Unit.
Detective Bureau	Chief of Detectives	The Detective Bureau is responsible for the prevention, detection, and investigation of crime, and its work often complements the work of police officers assigned to the precincts.	The bureau oversees the Borough Investigative Commands, Special Victims Division, Forensic Investigations Division, Special Investigations Division, Criminal Enterprise Division, Fugitive Enforcement Division, Real Time Crime Center, District Attorneys Squad, Grand Larceny Division, Gun Violence Suppression Division, and Vice Enforcement Division.
Intelligence Bureau	Chief of Intelligence	The mission of the NYPD Intelligence Bureau is to detect and disrupt criminal and terrorist activity through the use of intelligence-led policing.	NYPD Intelligence operations are divided by functional responsibility: Intelligence Operations and Analysis Section (IOAS) and the Criminal Intelligence Section (CIS).
Internal Affairs Bureau	Deputy Commissioner of Internal Affairs	The Internal Affairs Bureau (IAB) detects, investigates, and brings to justice New York City police officers and civilians who engage in misconduct and corruption.	N/A
Employee Relations	Deputy Commissioner for Employee Relations	The Office of the Deputy Commissioner, Employee Relations (DCER), formerly the Deputy Commissioner for Administration (DCA), was created in early 2014 and acts as the liaison to the department's fraternal, religious, and line organizations.	DCER oversees the Employee Relations Section, the Chaplains Unit, the Ceremonial Unit and the Sports Unit.
Collaborative Policing	Deputy Commissioner of Collaborative Policing	The Office of the Deputy Commissioner, Collaborative Policing (DCCP), partners with other city agencies, non-profits, community-based organizations, the faith-based community, and other New York City stakeholders on a wide variety of public-safety initiatives.	N/A
Community Affairs Bureau	Chief of Community Affairs	The Community Affairs Bureau (CAB) partners with community leaders, civic organizations, block associations, and concerned citizens to educate them on police policies and practices.	The Community Affairs Bureau oversees four divisions: Community Outreach Division, Crime Prevention Division, Juvenile Justice Division, and School Safety Division.
Information Technology Bureau	Deputy Commissioner of Information Technology	The Information Technology Bureau (ITB) develops and implements technology to support strategies, programs and procedures that promote safety, efficiency, and effectiveness.	ITB has six divisions: Administration, Fiscal Affairs, Strategic Technology, IT Services Division, Life-Safety Systems, and the Communications Division.
Legal Matters	Deputy Commissioner of Legal Matters	The NYPD Legal Bureau provides assistance to law enforcement personnel regarding department legal matters. Controvertially, the Legal Bureau also has a memorandum of understanding with the Manhattan DA to selectively prosecute New York City Criminal Court summons court cases.	The bureau comprises the Civil Enforcement Unit, Criminal Section, Civil Section, Legislative Affairs Unit, Document Production/FOIL, and the Police Action Litigation Section (PALS).
Personnel	Chief of Personnel	The Personnel Bureau is responsible for the recruitment and selection of personnel and for managing the human resource functions of the NYPD.	The bureau oversees the Candidate Assessment Division, Career Enhancement Division, Employee Management Division, Personnel Orders Section, and Staff Services Section.
Public Information	Deputy Commissioner of Public Information	The Office of the Deputy Commissioner, Public Information (DCPI), works with local, national, and international media organizations to provide information to the public.	N/A
Risk Management	Assistant Chief, Risk Management	The Risk Management Bureau measures the performance of police officers and identifies officers who might be in need of enhanced training or supervision.	N/A
Support Services Bureau	Deputy Commissioner of Support Services	While the bureau handles a wide range of equipment and storage-related functions, the bulk of its operations center on the NYPD's vehicle fleet and its evidence warehouses.	The Support Services Bureau oversees the Fleet Services Division, Property Clerk Division, Central Records Division, and the Printing Section.
Training Bureau	Chief of Training	The NYPD Training Bureau provides recruits, uniformed officers, and civilians with academic, tactical, and technological information.	The Training Bureau's training section includes: Recruit Training Section, Physical Training and Tactics Department, Tactical Training Unit, Firearms and Tactics Section, COBRA Training, In-Service Tactical Training Unit, Driver Education and Training Unit, Computer Training Unit, Civilian Training Program, School Safety Training Unit, Instructor Development Unit, Criminal Investigation Course, Leadership Development Section, and Citizens Police Academy.

Crime prevention

Domain Awareness System

Main article: Domain Awareness System

The Domain Awareness System is a surveillance system developed as part of Lower Manhattan Security Initiative in a partnership between the NYPD and Microsoft. It allows the NYPD to track surveillance targets and gain detailed information about them. It also has access to data from at least 2 billion license plate readings, 100 million summonses, 54 million 911 calls, 15 million complaints, 12 million detective reports, 11 million arrests and 2 million warrants. The data from the 9,000 CCTV cameras is kept for 30 days. Text records are searchable. The system is connected to 9,000 video cameras around New York City.

Demographics

As of the end of 2010, 53% of the entire 34,526-member police force were white and 47% were members of minority groups.

Of 22,199 officers on patrol;

• 53% (11,717) were black, Latino (of any race), or Asian or Asian-American
• 47% (10,482) were non-Hispanic white

Of 5,177 detectives;

• 57% (2,953) were non-Hispanic white
• 43% (2,225) were black, Latino (of any race), or Asian or Asian-American

Of 4,639 sergeants;

• 61% (2,841) were non-Hispanic white
• 39% (1,798) were black, Latino (of any race), or Asian or Asian-American

Of 1,742 lieutenants;

• 76% (1,323) were non-Hispanic white
• 24% (419) were black, Latino (of any race), or Asian or Asian-American

Of 432 captains;

• 82% (356) were non-Hispanic white
• 18% (76) were black, Latino (of any race), or Asian or Asian-American

Of 10 police chiefs, 7 were non-Hispanic white and 3 were non-white.

In 2002, non-Hispanic white accounted for 60% of members in the rank of police officer. Between 2002 and 2010, the number of minorities in top-tier positions in the force increased by about 4.5%.

Corruption and misconduct

Main article: New York City Police Department corruption and misconduct

The Civilian Complaint Review Board is an all-civilian, 13-member panel tasked with investigating misconduct or lesser abuse accusations against NYPD officers, including use of excessive force, abuse of authority, discourtesy and offensive language. Complaints against officers may be filed online, by mail, by phone or in person at any NYPD station.

Affiliations

The NYPD is affiliated with the New York City Police Foundation and the New York City Police Museum. It also runs a Youth Police academy to provide positive interaction with police officers and to educate young people about the challenges and responsibility of police work. The department also provides a citizen Police Academy which educates the public on basic law and policing procedures.

Fallen officers

Main article: List of New York Police Department officers killed in the line of duty

According to the Officer Down Memorial Page, the NYPD has lost 930 officers in the line of duty since 1849. This figure includes officers from agencies that were later absorbed by or became a part of the modern NYPD in addition to the NYPD itself. This number also includes officers killed on and off duty by gunfire of other officers on duty. The NYPD lost 23 officers in the September 11, 2001 attacks, not including another 136 who died of illnesses related to the attacks.

Vehicles

Main article: Police vehicles in New York City

NYPD Chevrolet Impala of the 105th Pct, rear

The New York City Police Department vehicle fleet consists of 9,624 police cars, 11 boats, eight helicopters, and numerous other vehicles. Responsibility of operation and maintenance lies with the NYPD's Support Services Bureau.

The current colors of NYPD vehicles is an all-white body with two blue stripes along each side. The word "POLICE" is printed in small text above the front wheel wells, and as "NYPD Police" above the front grille. The NYPD patch is emblazoned on both sides, either on or just forward of the front doors. The letters "NYPD" are printed in blue Rockwell Extra Bold font on the front doors, and the NYPD motto "Courtesy, Professionalism, Respect" is printed on the rear ones. The unit's shop number is printed on the rear decklid. The shop number is also printed on the rear side panels above the gas intake, along with the number of the unit's assigned precinct.

A modified paint scheme, with dark blue (or black, for some Auxiliary units) body and white stripes on the sides was used for some divisions. The text was also white. This was phased out in favor of a modified version of the regular scheme, with the word(s) "AUXILIARY", "SCHOOL SAFETY" or "TRAFFIC" on the rear quarter panels and trunk.

Firearms

On duty

New NYPD officers are allowed to choose from one of three 9mm service pistols: the SIG Sauer P226 DAO, Glock 17 Gen4, and Glock 19 Gen4. All duty handguns are modified to a 12-pound (53 N) NY-2 trigger pull.

The Smith & Wesson 5946 was initially issued to new recruits; however, the manufacturer stopped producing the weapon. It is no longer an option for new hires, though officers who currently utilize the weapon are grandfathered in and may continue to use it. After the switch in 1994 to semiautomatic pistols, officers who privately purchased revolvers before January 1, 1994, were allowed to use them for duty use until August 31, 2018. They were grandfathered in as approved off-duty guns.

Shotgun-certified officers were authorized to carry Ithaca 37 shotguns, which are being phased out in favor of the newer Mossberg 590. Officers and detectives belonging to the NYPD's Emergency Service Unit, Counter-terrorism Bureau and Strategic Response Group are armed with a range of select-fire weapons and long guns, such as the Colt M4A1 carbine and similar-pattern Colt AR-15 rifles, Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine gun, and the Remington Model 700 bolt-action rifle.

Off duty

The firearms approved by the NYPD for off-duty carry are the Glock 26, Smith & Wesson 3914 DAO, Smith & Wesson 3953TSW, Smith & Wesson Model 640 (.38 revolver), Springfield Armory XD-S, Smith & Wesson M&P Shield and the Beretta 8000D Mini Cougar.

Discontinued from service

From 1926 until 1986 the standard weapons of the department were the Smith & Wesson Model 10 and the Colt Official Police .38 Special revolvers with four-inch barrels. Female officers had the option to choose to carry a three-inch barrel revolver instead of the normal four inch model due to its lighter weight. Prior to 1994 the standard weapon of the NYPD was the Smith & Wesson Model 64 DAO (Double Action Only) .38 Special revolver with a three or four inch barrel. This type of revolver was called the Model NY-1 by the department.

Prior to the issuing of the 9mm semi-automatic pistol NYPD detectives and plainclothes officers often carried the Colt Detective Special and/or the Smith & Wesson Model 36 "Chief's Special" .38 Special caliber snub-nosed (2-inch) barrel revolvers for their ease of concealment while dressed in civilian clothes.

The Kahr K9 9 mm pistol was an approved off-duty/backup weapon from 1998 to 2011. It was pulled from service because it could not be modified to a 12-pound trigger pull.

See also

• Law enforcement in New York City
• New York City Office of Administrative Trials and Hearings
• Police surveillance in New York City

Further reading

• Darien, Andrew T. Becoming New York's Finest: Race, Gender, and the Integration of the NYPD, 1935–1980. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
• Miller, Wilbur R. Cops and bobbies: Police authority in New York and London, 1830–1870 (The Ohio State University Press, 1999)
• Monkkonen, Eric H. Police in Urban America, 1860–1920 (2004)
• Richardson, James F. The New York Police, Colonial Times to 1901 (Oxford University Press, 1970)
• Richardson, James F. "To Control the City: The New York Police in Historical Perspective". In Cities in American History, eds. Kenneth T. Jackson and Stanley K. Schultz (1972) pp. 3–13.
• Thale, Christopher. "The Informal World of Police Patrol: New York City in the Early Twentieth Century", Journal of Urban History (2007) 33#2 pp. 183–216.

External links

• Official website
• Police Department in the Rules of the City of New York
• "New York City Police Department collected news and commentary". The New York Times.
• Google (January 17, 2015). "Map of NYC Law Enforcement Line of Duty Deaths" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
• "With the Sky Police", Popular Mechanics, January 1932 article about the NY City Police Air Force and the Keystone-Loening Commuter in service at that time, photos pp. 26–30
• NYPD Annual Reports 1912–1923 (digitized books) from the Lloyd Sealy Library on the Internet Archive
• Historical images from the NYPD Annual Reports, 1923–23 from the Lloyd Sealy Library Digital Collections