Page semi-protected

Smartphone

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Two smartphones: a Samsung Galaxy J5 (left) and an iPhone 6S (right)

Smartphones are a class of mobile phones and of multi-purpose mobile computing devices. They are distinguished from feature phones by their stronger hardware capabilities and extensive mobile operating systems, which facilitate wider software, internet (including web browsing[1] over mobile broadband), and multimedia functionality (including music, video, cameras, and gaming), alongside core phone functions such as voice calls and text messaging. Smartphones typically contain a number of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit (IC) chips, include various sensors that can be leveraged by their software (such as a magnetometer, proximity sensors, barometer, gyroscope, or accelerometer), and support wireless communications protocols (such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or satellite navigation).

Early smartphones were marketed primarily towards the enterprise market, attempting to bridge the functionality of standalone personal digital assistant (PDA) devices with support for cellular telephony, but were limited by their bulky form, short battery life, slow analog cellular networks, and the immaturity of wireless data services. These issues were eventually resolved with the exponential scaling and miniaturization of MOS transistors down to sub-micron levels (Moore's law), the improved lithium-ion battery, faster digital mobile data networks (Edholm's law), and more mature software platforms that allowed mobile device ecosystems to develop independently of data providers.

In the 2000s, NTT DoCoMo's i-mode platform, BlackBerry, Nokia's Symbian platform, and Windows Mobile began to gain market traction, with models often featuring QWERTY keyboards or resistive touchscreen input, and emphasizing access to push email and wireless internet. Since the unveiling of the iPhone in 2007, the majority of smartphones have featured thin, slate-like form factors, with large, capacitive screens with support for multi-touch gestures rather than physical keyboards, and offer the ability for users to download or purchase additional applications from a centralized store, and use cloud storage and synchronization, virtual assistants, as well as mobile payment services.

Improved hardware and faster wireless communication (due to standards such as LTE) have bolstered the growth of the smartphone industry. In the third quarter of 2012, one billion smartphones were in use worldwide.[2] Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for feature phones in early 2013.[3]

History

The development of the smartphone was enabled by several key technological advances. The exponential scaling and miniaturization of MOSFETs (MOS transistors) down to sub-micron levels during the 1990s–2000s (as predicted by Moore's law) made it possible to build portable smart devices such as smartphones,[4][5][6] as well as enabling the transition from analog to faster digital wireless mobile networks (leading to Edholm's law).[7][8][9] Other important enabling factors include the lithium-ion battery, an indispensable energy source enabling long battery life,[10] invented in the 1980s[11] and commercialized in 1991,[12] and the development of more mature software platforms that allowed mobile device ecosystems to develop independently of data providers.

Forerunner

IBM Simon and charging base (1994)[13]

In the early 1990s, IBM engineer Frank Canova realised that chip-and-wireless technology was becoming small enough to use in handheld devices.[14] The first commercially available device that could be properly referred to as a "smartphone" began as a prototype called "Angler" developed by Canova in 1992 while at IBM and demonstrated in November of that year at the COMDEX computer industry trade show.[15][16][17] A refined version was marketed to consumers in 1994 by BellSouth under the name Simon Personal Communicator. In addition to placing and receiving cellular calls, the touchscreen-equipped Simon could send and receive faxes and emails. It included an address book, calendar, appointment scheduler, calculator, world time clock, and notepad, as well as other visionary mobile applications such as maps, stock reports and news.[18]

The IBM Simon was manufactured by Mitsubishi Electric, which integrated features from its own wireless personal digital assistant (PDA) and cellular radio technologies.[19] It featured a liquid-crystal display (LCD) and PC Card support.[20] The Simon was commercially unsuccessful, particularly due to its bulky form factor and limited battery life,[21] using NiCad batteries rather than the nickel–metal hydride batteries commonly used in mobile phones in the 1990s, or lithium-ion batteries used in modern smartphones.[22]

The term "smart phone" or "smartphone" was not coined until a year after the introduction of the Simon, appearing in print as early as 1995, describing AT&T's PhoneWriter Communicator.[23][non-primary source needed]

PDA/phone hybrids

Beginning in the mid-late 1990s, many people who had mobile phones carried a separate dedicated PDA device, running early versions of operating systems such as Palm OS, Newton OS, Symbian or Windows CE/Pocket PC. These operating systems would later evolve into early mobile operating systems. Most of the "smartphones" in this era were hybrid devices that combined these existing familiar PDA OSes with basic phone hardware. The results were devices that were bulkier than either dedicated mobile phones or PDAs, but allowed a limited amount of cellular Internet access. PDA and mobile phone manufacturers competed in reducing the size of devices. The bulk of these smartphones combined with their high cost and expensive data plans, plus other drawbacks such as expansion limitations and decreased battery life compared to separate standalone devices, generally limited their popularity to "early adopters" and business users who needed portable connectivity.

In March 1996, Hewlett-Packard released the OmniGo 700LX, a modified HP 200LX palmtop PC with a Nokia 2110 mobile phone piggybacked onto it and ROM-based software to support it. It had a 640×200 resolution CGA compatible four-shade gray-scale LCD screen and could be used to place and receive calls, and to create and receive text messages, emails and faxes. It was also 100% DOS 5.0 compatible, allowing it to run thousands of existing software titles, including early versions of Windows.

The Nokia 9000 Communicator (right) and the updated 9110 model (left)

In August 1996, Nokia released the Nokia 9000 Communicator, a digital cellular PDA based on the Nokia 2110 with an integrated system based on the PEN/GEOS 3.0 operating system from Geoworks. The two components were attached by a hinge in what became known as a clamshell design, with the display above and a physical QWERTY keyboard below. The PDA provided e-mail; calendar, address book, calculator and notebook applications; text-based Web browsing; and could send and receive faxes. When closed, the device could be used as a digital cellular telephone.

In June 1999 Qualcomm released the "pdQ Smartphone", a CDMA digital PCS smartphone with an integrated Palm PDA and Internet connectivity.[24]

Subsequent landmark devices included:

  • The Ericsson R380 (December 2000)[25] by Ericsson Mobile Communications,[26] the first phone running the operating system later named Symbian (it ran EPOC Release 5, which was renamed Symbian OS at Release 6). It had PDA functionality and limited Web browsing on a resistive touchscreen utilizing a stylus.[27] While it was marketed as a "smartphone",[28] users could not install their own software on the device.
  • The Kyocera 6035 (February 2001),[29] a dual-nature device with a separate Palm OS PDA operating system and CDMA mobile phone firmware. It supported limited Web browsing with the PDA software treating the phone hardware as an attached modem.[30][31]
  • The Nokia 9210 Communicator (June 2001),[32] the first phone running Symbian (Release 6) with Nokia's Series 80 platform (v1.0). This was the first Symbian phone platform allowing the installation of additional applications. Like the Nokia 9000 Communicator it's a large clamshell device with a full physical QWERTY keyboard inside.
  • Handspring's Treo 180 (2002), the first smartphone that fully integrated the Palm OS on a GSM mobile phone having telephony, SMS messaging and Internet access built into the OS. The 180 model had a thumb-type keyboard and the 180g version had a Graffiti handwriting recognition area, instead.[33]

Japanese cell phones

In 1999, Japanese wireless provider NTT DoCoMo launched i-mode, a new mobile internet platform which provided data transmission speeds up to 9.6 kilobits per second, and access web services available through the platform such as online shopping. NTT DoCoMo's i-mode used cHTML, a language which restricted some aspects of traditional HTML in favor of increasing data speed for the devices. Limited functionality, small screens and limited bandwidth allowed for phones to use the slower data speeds available. The rise of i-mode helped NTT DoCoMo accumulate an estimated 40 million subscribers by the end of 2001, and ranked first in market capitalization in Japan and second globally.[34] Japanese cell phones increasingly diverged from global standards and trends to offer other forms of advanced services and smartphone-like functionality that were specifically tailored to the Japanese market, such as mobile payments and shopping, near-field communication (NFC) allowing mobile wallet functionality to replace smart cards for transit fares, loyalty cards, identity cards, event tickets, coupons, money transfer, etc., downloadable content like musical ringtones, games, and comics, and 1seg mobile television.[35][36] Phones built by Japanese manufacturers used custom firmware, however, and didn't yet feature standardized mobile operating systems designed to cater to third-party application development, so their software and ecosystems were akin to very advanced feature phones. As with other feature phones, additional software and services required partnerships and deals with providers.

The degree of integration between phones and carriers, unique phone features, non-standardized platforms, and tailoring to Japanese culture made it difficult for Japanese manufacturers to export their phones, especially when demand was so high in Japan that the companies didn't feel the need to look elsewhere for additional profits.[37][38][39]

The rise of 3G technology in other markets and non-Japanese phones with powerful standardized smartphone operating systems, app stores, and advanced wireless network capabilities allowed non-Japanese phone manufacturers to finally break in to the Japanese market, gradually adopting Japanese phone features like emojis, mobile payments, NFC, etc. and spreading them to the rest of the world.

Early smartphones

Several BlackBerry smartphones, which were highly popular in the mid-late 2000s

Phones that made effective use of any significant data connectivity were still rare outside Japan until the introduction of the Danger Hiptop in 2002, which saw moderate success among U.S. consumers as the T-Mobile Sidekick. Later, in the mid-2000s, business users in the U.S. started to adopt devices based on Microsoft's Windows Mobile, and then BlackBerry smartphones from Research In Motion. American users popularized the term "CrackBerry" in 2006 due to the BlackBerry's addictive nature.[40] In the U.S., the high cost of data plans and relative rarity of devices with Wi-Fi capabilities that could avoid cellular data network usage kept adoption of smartphones mainly to business professionals and "early adopters."

Outside the U.S. and Japan, Nokia was seeing success with its smartphones based on Symbian, originally developed by Psion for their personal organisers, and it was the most popular smartphone OS in Europe during the middle to late 2000s. Initially, Nokia's Symbian smartphones were focused on business with the Eseries,[41] similar to Windows Mobile and BlackBerry devices at the time. From 2006 onwards, Nokia started producing consumer-focused smartphones, popularized by the entertainment-focused Nseries. Until 2010, Symbian was the world's most widely used smartphone operating system.[42]

The touchscreen PDA-derived nature of adapted operating systems like Palm OS, the "Pocket PC" versions of what was later Windows Mobile, and the UIQ interface that was originally designed for pen-based PDAs on Symbian OS devices resulted in some early smartphones having stylus-based interfaces. These allowed for virtual keyboards and/or handwriting input, thus also allowing easy entry of Asian characters.[43]

By the mid-2000s, the majority of smartphones had a physical QWERTY keyboard. Most used a "keyboard bar" form factor, like the BlackBerry line, Windows Mobile smartphones, Palm Treos, and some of the Nokia Eseries. A few hid their full physical QWERTY keyboard in a sliding form factor, like the Danger Hiptop line. Some even had only a numeric keypad using T9 text input, like the Nokia Nseries and other models in the Nokia Eseries. Resistive touchscreens with stylus-based interfaces could still be found on a few smartphones, like the Palm Treos, which had dropped their handwriting input after a few early models that were available in versions with Graffiti instead of a keyboard.

Form factor and operating system shifts

The original Apple iPhone; following its introduction the common smartphone form factor shifted to large touchscreen software interfaces without physical keypads[44]

The late 2000s and early 2010s saw a shift in smartphone interfaces away from devices with physical keyboards and keypads to ones with large finger-operated capacitive touchscreens.[44] The first phone of any kind with a large capacitive touchscreen was the LG Prada, announced by LG in December 2006.[45] This was a fashionable feature phone created in collaboration with Italian luxury designer Prada with a 3" 240x400 pixel screen.[46]

In January 2007, Apple Computer introduced the iPhone.[47][48][49] It had a 3.5" capacitive touchscreen with twice the common resolution of most smartphone screens at the time,[50] and introduced multi-touch to phones, which allowed gestures such as "pinching" to zoom in or out on photos, maps, and web pages. The iPhone was notable as being the first device of its kind targeted at the mass market to abandon the use of a stylus, keyboard, or keypad typical of contemporary smartphones, instead using a large touchscreen for direct finger input as its main means of interaction.[43]

The iPhone's operating system was also a shift away from previous ones that were adapted from PDAs and feature phones, to one powerful enough to avoid using a limited, stripped down web browser requiring pages specially formatted using technologies such as WML, cHTML, or XHTML that previous phones supported and instead run a version of Apple's Safari browser that could easily render full websites[51][52][53] not specifically designed for phones.[54]

Later Apple shipped a software update that gave the iPhone a built-in on-device App Store allowing direct wireless downloads of third-party software.[55][56] This kind of centralized App Store and free developer tools[57][58] quickly became the new main paradigm for all smartphone platforms for software development, distribution, discovery, installation, and payment, in place of expensive developer tools that required official approval to use and a dependence on third-party sources providing applications for multiple platforms.[44]

The advantages of a design with software powerful enough to support advanced applications and a large capacitive touchscreen affected the development of another smartphone OS platform, Android, with a more BlackBerry-like prototype device scrapped in favor of a touchscreen device with a slide-out physical keyboard, as Google's engineers thought at the time that a touchscreen could not completely replace a physical keyboard and buttons.[59][60][61] Android is based around a modified Linux kernel, again providing more power than mobile operating systems adapted from PDAs and feature phones. The first Android device, the horizontal-sliding HTC Dream, was released in September 2008.[62]

Smartphone OS competition

The iPhone and later touchscreen-only Android devices together popularized the slate form factor, based on a large capacitive touchscreen as the sole means of interaction, and led to the decline of earlier, keyboard- and keypad-focused platforms.[44] Multiple vendors attempted to update or replace their existing smartphone platforms and devices to better-compete with Android and the iPhone; Palm unveiled a new platform known as webOS for its Palm Pre in late-2009 to replace Palm OS, which featured a focus on a task-based "card" metaphor and seamless synchronization and integration between various online services (as opposed to the then-conventional concept of a smartphone needing a PC to serve as a "canonical, authoritative repository" for user data).[63][64] HP acquired Palm in 2010 and released several other webOS devices, including the Pre 3 and HP TouchPad tablet. As part of a proposed divestment of its consumer business to focus on enterprise software, HP abruptly ended development of future webOS devices in August 2011, and sold the rights to webOS to LG Electronics in 2013, for use as a smart TV platform.[65][66]

Research in Motion introduced the vertical-sliding BlackBerry Torch and BlackBerry OS 6 in 2010, which featured a redesigned user interface, support for gestures such as pinch-to-zoom, and a new web browser based on the same WebKit rendering engine used by the iPhone.[67][68] The following year, RIM released BlackBerry OS 7 and new models in the Bold and Torch ranges, which included a new Bold with a touchscreen alongside its keyboard, and the Torch 9860—the first BlackBerry phone to not include a physical keyboard.[69] In 2013, it replaced the legacy BlackBerry OS with a revamped, QNX-based platform known as BlackBerry 10, with the all-touch BlackBerry Z10 and keyboard-equipped Q10 as launch devices.[70]

In 2010, Microsoft unveiled a replacement for Windows Mobile known as Windows Phone, featuring a new touchscreen-centric user interface built around flat design and typography, a home screen with "live tiles" containing feeds of updates from apps, as well as integrated Microsoft Office apps.[71] In February 2011, Nokia announced that it had entered into a major partnership with Microsoft, under which it would exclusively use Windows Phone on all of its future smartphones, and integrate Microsoft's Bing search engine and Bing Maps (which, as part of the partnership, would also license Nokia Maps data) into all future devices. The announcement led to the abandonment of both Symbian, as well as MeeGo—a Linux-based mobile platform it was co-developing with Intel.[72][73][74] Nokia's low-end Lumia 520 saw strong demand and helped Windows Phone gain niche popularity in some markets,[75] overtaking BlackBerry in global market share in 2013.[76][77]

Many of these attempts to compete with Android and iPhone were short-lived. Over the course of the decade, the two platforms became a clear duopoly in smartphone sales and market share, with BlackBerry, Windows Phone, and "other" operating systems eventually stagnating to little or no measurable market share.[78][79] In 2015, BlackBerry began to pivot away from its in-house mobile platforms in favor of producing Android devices, focusing on a security-enhanced distribution of the software. The following year, the company announced that it would also exit the hardware market to focus more on software and its enterprise middleware,[80] and began to license the BlackBerry brand and its Android distribution to third-party OEMs such as TCL for future devices.[81][82]

In September 2013, Microsoft announced its intent to acquire Nokia's mobile device business for $7.1 billion, as part of a strategy under CEO Steve Ballmer for Microsoft to be a "devices and services" company.[83] Despite the growth of Windows Phone and the Lumia range (which accounted for nearly 90% of all Windows Phone devices sold),[84] the platform never had significant market share in the key U.S. market,[75] and Microsoft was unable to maintain Windows Phone's momentum in the years that followed, resulting in dwindling interest from users and app developers.[85] After Balmer was succeeded by Satya Nadella (who has placed a larger focus on software and cloud computing) as CEO of Microsoft, it took a $7.6 billion write-off on the Nokia assets in July 2015, and laid off nearly the entire Microsoft Mobile unit in May 2016.[86][87][88]

Prior to the completion of the sale to Microsoft, Nokia released a series of Android-derived smartphones for emerging markets known as Nokia X, which combined an Android-based platform with elements of Windows Phone and Nokia's feature phone platform Asha, using Microsoft and Nokia services rather than Google.[89]

Camera advancements

The Nokia 9 PureView features a five-lens camera array, using a mixture of color and monochrome sensors.[90]

The first commercial camera phone was the Kyocera Visual Phone VP-210, released in Japan in May 1999.[91] It was called a "mobile videophone" at the time,[92] and had a 110,000-pixel front-facing camera.[91] It could send up to two images per second over Japan's Personal Handy-phone System (PHS) cellular network, and store up to 20 JPEG digital images, which could be sent over e-mail.[91] The first mass-market camera phone was the J-SH04, a Sharp J-Phone model sold in Japan in November 2000.[93][94] It could instantly transmit pictures via cell phone telecommunication.[95]

By the mid-2000s, higher-end cell phones commonly had integrated digital cameras. In 2003 camera phones outsold stand-alone digital cameras, and in 2006 they outsold film and digital stand-alone cameras. Five billion camera phones were sold in five years, and by 2007 more than half of the installed base of all mobile phones were camera phones. Sales of separate cameras peaked in 2008.[96]

Many early smartphones didn't have cameras at all, and earlier models that had them had low performance and insufficient image and video quality that could not compete with budget pocket cameras and fullfill user's needs.[97] By the beginning of the 2010s almost all smartphones had an integrated digital camera. The decline in sales of stand-alone cameras accelerated due to the increasing use of smartphones with rapidly improving camera technology for casual photography, easier image manipulation, and abilities to directly share photos through the use of apps and web-based services.[98][99][100][101] By 2011, cell phones with integrated cameras were selling hundreds of millions per year. In 2015, digital camera sales were 35.395 million units or only less than a third of digital camera sales numbers at their peak and also slightly less than film camera sold number at their peak.[102][103]

Contributing to the rise in popularity of smartphones being used over dedicated cameras for photography, smaller pocket cameras have difficulty producing bokeh in images, but nowadays, some smartphones have dual-lens cameras that reproduce the bokeh effect easily, and can even rearrange the level of bokeh after shooting. This works by capturing multiple images with different focus settings, then combining the background of the main image with a macro focus shot.

In 2007 the Nokia N95 was notable as a smartphone that had a 5.0 Megapixel (MP) camera, when most others had cameras with around 3 MP or less than 2 MP. Some specialized feature phones like the LG Viewty, Samsung SGH-G800, and Sony Ericsson K850i, all released later that year, also had 5.0 MP cameras. By 2010 5.0 MP cameras were common; a few smartphones had 8.0 MP cameras and the Nokia N8, Sony Ericsson Satio,[104] and Samsung M8910 Pixon12[105] feature phone had 12 MP. In 2009 the Samsung Omnia HD was the first phone with 720p video recording. A 14-megapixel smartphone with 3x optical zoom was announced in late 2010.[106] In 2012 Nokia announced the Nokia 808 PureView, featuring a 41-megapixel 1/1.2-inch sensor and a high-resolution f/2.4 Zeiss all-aspherical one-group lens. 1080p video recording on a smartphone was achieved in 2011, and 2160p (4K) video recording in 2013. In 2016 Apple introduced the iPhone 7 Plus, one of the phones to popularize a dual camera setup. The iPhone 7 Plus included a main 12 MP camera along with a 12 MP telephoto camera.[107] In early 2018 Huawei released a new flagship phone, the Huawei P20 Pro, with one of the first triple camera lens setups.[108] In late 2018, Samsung released a new mid-range smartphone, the Galaxy A9 (2018) with the world's first quad camera setup. The Nokia 9 PureView was released in 2019 featuring a penta-lens camera system.[109]

Display advancements

In the early 2010s, larger smartphones with screen sizes of at least 5.5 inches diagonal, dubbed "phablets", began to achieve popularity, with the 2011 Samsung Galaxy Note series gaining notably wide adoption.[110][111] In 2013, Huawei launched the Huawei Mate series, sporting a 6.1-inch HD (1280x720) IPS+ LCD display, which was considered to be quite large at the time.[112]

Some companies began to release smartphones in 2013 incorporating flexible displays to create curved form factors, such as the Samsung Galaxy Round and LG G Flex.[113][114][115]

By 2014, 1440p displays began to appear on high-end smartphones.[116] In 2015, Sony released the Xperia Z5 Premium, featuring a 4K resolution display, although only images and videos could actually be rendered at that resolution (all other software was shown at 1080p).[117]

New trends for smartphone displays began to emerge in 2017, with both LG and Samsung releasing flagship smartphones (LG G6 and Galaxy S8), utilizing displays with taller aspect ratios than the common 16:9 ratio, and a high screen-to-body ratio, also known as a "bezel-less design". These designs allow the display to have a larger diagonal measurement, but with a slimmer width than 16:9 displays with an equivalent screen size.[118][119][120]

Another trend popularized in 2017 were displays containing tab-like cut-outs at the top-centre—colloquially known as a "notch"—to contain the front-facing camera, and sometimes other sensors typically located along the top bezel of a device.[121][122] These designs allow for "edge-to-edge" displays that take up nearly the entire height of the device, with little to no bezel along the top, and sometimes a minimal bottom bezel as well. This design characteristic appeared almost simultaneously on the Sharp Aquos S2 and the Essential Phone,[123] which featured circular tabs for their cameras, followed just a month later by the iPhone X, which used a wider tab to contain a camera and facial scanning system known as Face ID.[124] The 2016 LG V10 had a precursor to the concept, with a portion of the screen wrapped around the camera area in the top-left corner, with the resulting area marketed as a "second" display that could be used for various supplemental features.[125]

Other variations of the practice later emerged, such as a "hole-punch" camera (such as those of the Honor View 20, and Samsung's Galaxy A8s and Galaxy S10)—eschewing the tabbed "notch" for a circular or rounded-rectangular cut-out within the screen instead,[126] while Oppo released the first "all-screen" phones with no notches at all[127], including one with a mechanical front camera that pops up from the top of the device (Find X),[128] and a 2019 prototype for a front-facing camera that can be embedded and hidden below the display, using a special partially-translucent screen structure that allows light to reach the image sensor below the panel.[129]

Foldable smartphones

Smartphones utilizing flexible displays were theorized as possible once manufacturing costs and production processes were feasible.[130] In November 2018, the startup company Royole unveiled the first commercially available foldable smartphone, the Royole FlexPai. Also that month, Samsung presented a prototype phone featuring an "Infinity Flex Display" at its developers conference, with a smaller, outer display on its "cover", and a larger, tablet-sized display when opened. Samsung stated that it also had to develop a new polymer material to coat the display as opposed to glass.[131][132][133] Samsung officially announced the Galaxy Fold, based on the previously-demonstrated prototype, in February 2019 for an originally-scheduled release in late-April.[134] Due to various durability issues with the display and hinge systems encountered by early reviewers, the release of the Galaxy Fold was delayed to September to allow for design changes [135] Motorola also introduced a variation of the concept with its re-imagining of the Razr, using a horizontally-folding display to create a clamshell form factor of the company's previous feature phone range of the same name.[136]

Other developments in the 2010s

2011

The first smartphone with a fingerprint reader was the Motorola Atrix 4G in 2011.[137] In September 2013, the iPhone 5S was unveiled as the first smartphone on a major U.S. carrier since the Atrix to feature this technology.[138] Once again, the iPhone popularized this concept.

2012

In 2012, Samsung introduced the Galaxy S3 (GT-i9300) with retrofittable wireless charging, pop-up video playback, 4G-LTE variant (GT-i9305) quad-core processor.

2013

In 2013, Fairphone launched its first "socially ethical" smartphone at the London Design Festival to address concerns regarding the sourcing of materials in the manufacturing[139] followed by Shiftphone in 2015.[140] In late 2013, QSAlpha commenced production of a smartphone designed entirely around security, encryption and identity protection.[141]

In October 2013, Motorola Mobility announced Project Ara, a concept for a modular smartphone platform that would allow users to customize and upgrade their phones with add-on modules that attached magnetically to a frame.[142][143] Ara was retained by Google following its sale of Motorola Mobility to Lenovo,[144] but was shelved in 2016.[145] That year, LG and Motorola both unveiled smartphones featuring a limited form of modularity for accessories; the LG G5 allowed accessories to be installed via the removal of its battery compartment,[146] while the Moto Z utilizes accessories attached magnetically to the rear of the device.[147]

2014

Microsoft, expanding upon the concept of Motorola's short-lived "Webtop", unveiled functionality for its Windows 10 operating system for phones that allows supported devices to be docked for use with a PC-styled desktop environment.[148][149]

2015

Samsung and LG used to be the “last standing” manufacturers to offer flagship devices with user-replaceable batteries. But in 2015, Samsung succumbed to the minimalism trend set by Apple, introducing the Galaxy S6 without a user-replaceable battery. In addition, Samsung was criticised for pruning long-standing features such as MHL, MicroUSB 3.0, water resistance and MicroSD card support, of which the latter two came back in 2016 with the Galaxy S7 and S7 Edge.

As of 2015, the global median for smartphone ownership was 43%.[150] Statista forecast that 2.87 billion people would own smartphones in 2020.[151]

2016

Major technologies that began to trend in 2016 included a focus on virtual reality and augmented reality experiences catered towards smartphones, the newly introduced USB-C connector, and improving LTE technologies.[152]

2018

In 2018, the first smartphones featuring fingerprint readers embedded within OLED displays were announced, followed in 2019 by an implementation using an ultrasonic sensor on the Samsung Galaxy S10.[153][154]

2019

In 2019, the majority of smartphones released have more than one camera, are waterproof with IP67 and IP68 ratings, and unlock using facial recognition or fingerprint scanners.[155]

Hardware

A typical smartphone contains a number of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit (IC) chips,[156] which in turn contain billions of tiny MOS field-effect transistors (MOSFETs).[5] A typical smartphone contains the following MOS IC chips.[156]

Central processing unit

Smartphones have central processing units (CPUs), similar to those in computers, but optimised to operate in low power environments. In smartphones, the CPU is typically integrated in a CMOS (complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor) system-on-a-chip (SoC) application processor.[156]

The performance of mobile CPU depends not only on the clock rate (generally given in multiples of hertz)[160] but also on the memory hierarchy. Because of these challenges, the performance of mobile phone CPUs is often more appropriately given by scores derived from various standardized tests to measure the real effective performance in commonly used applications.

Display

A smartphone touchscreen

One of the main characteristics of smartphones is the screen. Depending on the device's design, the screen fills most or nearly all of the space on a device's front surface. Many smartphone displays have an aspect ratio of 16:9, but taller aspect ratios became more common in 2017.

Screen sizes are measured in diagonal inches. Phones with screens larger than 5.2 inches are often called "phablets". Smartphones with screens over 4.5 inches in size are commonly difficult to use with only a single hand, since most thumbs cannot reach the entire screen surface; they may need to be shifted around in the hand, held in one hand and manipulated by the other, or used in place with both hands. Due to design advances, some modern smartphones with large screen sizes and "edge-to-edge" designs have compact builds that improve their ergonomics, while the shift to taller aspect ratios have resulted in phones that have larger screen sizes whilst maintaining the ergonomics associated with smaller 16:9 displays.[161][162][163]

Liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) and organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays are the most common. Some displays are integrated with pressure-sensitive digitizers, such as those developed by Wacom and Samsung,[164] and Apple's Force Touch system.

Sound

Some audio quality enhancing features, such as Voice over LTE and HD Voice have appeared and are often available on newer smartphones. Sound quality can remain a problem due to the design of the phone, the quality of the cellular network and compression algorithms used in long-distance calls.[165][166] Audio quality can be improved using a VoIP application over WiFi.[167] Cellphones have small speakers so that the user can use a speakerphone feature and talk to a person on the phone without holding it to their ear. The small speakers can also be used to listen to digital audio files of music or speech or watch videos with an audio component, without holding the phone close to the ear.

Battery

A high-capacity portable battery charger.

A smartphone typically uses a lithium-ion battery.[10][11][12] By the end of 2017, smartphone battery life has become generally adequate;[168] however, earlier smartphone battery life was poor due to the weak batteries that could not handle the significant power requirements of the smartphones' computer systems and color screens.[169][170][171]

Smartphone users purchase additional chargers for use outside the home, at work, and in cars and by buying portable external "battery packs". External battery packs include generic models which are connected to the smartphone with a cable, and custom-made models that "piggyback" onto a smartphone's case. In 2016, Samsung had to recall millions of the Galaxy Note 7 smartphones due to an explosive battery issue.[172] For consumer convenience, wireless charging stations have been introduced in some hotels, bars, and other public spaces.[173]

Cameras

Cameras have become standard features of smartphones. As of 2019 phone cameras are now a highly competitive area of differentiation between models, with advertising campaigns commonly based on a focus on the quality or capabilities of a device's main cameras.

Typically smartphones have at least one main rear-facing camera and a lower-resolution front-facing camera for "selfies" and video chat. Owing to the limited depth available in smartphones for image sensors and optics, rear-facing cameras are often housed in a "bump" that's thicker than the rest of the phone. Since increasingly thin mobile phones have more abundant horizontal space than the depth that is necessary and used in dedicated cameras for better lenses, there's additionally a trend for phone manufacturers to include multiple cameras, with each optimized for a different purpose (telephoto, wide angle, etc.).

Images are usually saved in the JPEG file format; some high-end phones also have RAW image capability.

Modern advanced smartphones have cameras with optical image stabilisation (OIS), larger sensors, bright lenses, and even optical zoom plus RAW images. HDR, "Bokeh mode" with multi lenses and multi-shot night modes are now also familiar.[174] Many new smartphone camera features are being enabled via computational photography image processing and multiple specialized lenses rather than larger sensors and lenses, due to the constrained space available inside phones that are being made as slim as possible.

Accessories

A wide range of accessories are sold for smartphones, including cases, screen protectors, power charging cables, wireless power stations, USB On-The-Go adapters (for connecting USB drives and or, in some cases, a HDMI cable to an external monitor), add-on batteries, headphones, combined headphone-microphones (which, for example, allow a person to privately conduct calls on the device without holding it to the ear), and Bluetooth-enabled powered speakers that enable users to listen to media from their smartphones wirelessly.

Cases range from relatively inexpensive rubber or soft plastic cases which provide moderate protection from bumps and good protection from scratches to more expensive, heavy-duty cases that combine a rubber padding with a hard outer shell. Some cases have a "book"-like form, with a cover that the user opens to use the device; when the cover is closed, it protects the screen. Some "book"-like cases have additional pockets for credit cards, thus enabling people to use them as wallets.

Accessories include products sold by the manufacturer of the smartphone and compatible products made by other manufacturers.

Software

Mobile operating systems

A mobile operating system (or mobile OS) is an operating system for phones, tablets, smartwatches, or other mobile devices.

Mobile operating systems combine features of a personal computer operating system with other features useful for mobile or handheld use; usually including, and most of the following considered essential in modern mobile systems; a touchscreen, cellular, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi Protected Access, Wi-Fi, Global Positioning System (GPS) mobile navigation, video- and single-frame picture cameras, speech recognition, voice recorder, music player, near field communication, and infrared blaster. By Q1 2018, over 383 million smartphones were sold with 85.9 percent running Android, 14.1 percent running iOS and a negligible number of smartphones running other OSes.[175] Android alone is more popular than the popular desktop operating system Windows, and in general smartphone use (even without tablets) exceeds desktop use.

Mobile devices with mobile communications abilities (e.g., smartphones) contain two mobile operating systems – the main user-facing software platform is supplemented by a second low-level proprietary real-time operating system which operates the radio and other hardware. Research has shown that these low-level systems may contain a range of security vulnerabilities permitting malicious base stations to gain high levels of control over the mobile device.[176]

Mobile app

A mobile app is a computer program designed to run on a mobile device, such as a smartphone. The term "app" is a short-form of the term "software application".[177]

Application stores

The introduction of Apple's App Store for the iPhone and iPod Touch in July 2008 popularized manufacturer-hosted online distribution for third-party applications (software and computer programs) focused on a single platform. There are a huge variety of apps, including video games, music products and business tools. Up until that point, smartphone application distribution depended on third-party sources providing applications for multiple platforms, such as GetJar, Handango, Handmark, and PocketGear. Following the success of the App Store, other smartphone manufacturers launched application stores, such as Google's Android Market (later renamed to the Google Play Store) and RIM's BlackBerry App World and Android-related app stores like F-Droid. In February 2014, 93% of mobile developers were targeting smartphones first for mobile app development.[178]

Sales

Since 1996, smartphone shipments have had positive growth. In November 2011, 27% of all photographs created were taken with camera-equipped smartphones.[179] In September 2012, a study concluded that 4 out of 5 smartphone owners use the device to shop online.[180] Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for feature phones in early 2013.[3] Worldwide shipments of smartphones topped 1 billion units in 2013, up 38% from 2012's 725 million, while comprising a 55% share of the mobile phone market in 2013, up from 42% in 2012. In 2013, smartphone sales began to decline for the first time.[181][182] In Q1 2016 for the first time the shipments dropped by 3 percent year on year. The situation was caused by the maturing China market.[183] A report by NPD shows that fewer than 10% of US citizens have bought $1,000+ smartphones, as they are too expensive for most people, without introducing particularly innovative features, and amid Huawei, Oppo and Xiaomi introducing products with similar feature sets for lower prices.[184][185][186] In 2019, smartphone sales declined by 3.2%, the largest in smartphone history, while China and India were credited with driving most smartphone sales worldwide.[187] It is predicted that widespread adoption of 5G will help drive new smartphone sales.[188][189]

By manufacturer

Worldwide smartphones producers market share
Source Date Samsung Apple Inc. Huawei Xiaomi Oppo Others Reference
Gartner Q4 2019 17.3% 17.1% 14.3% 8.0% 7.5% 35.8% [190]
IDC Q2 2018 21.0% 12.1% 15.9% 9.5% 8.6% 32.9% [191]
Counterpoint Research Q3 2019 21% 12% 18% 8% 9% 21% [192]

In 2011, Samsung had the highest shipment market share worldwide, followed by Apple. In 2013, Samsung had 31.3% market share, a slight increase from 30.3% in 2012, while Apple was at 15.3%, a decrease from 18.7% in 2012. Huawei, LG and Lenovo were at about 5% each, significantly better than 2012 figures, while others had about 40%, the same as the previous years figure. Only Apple lost market share, although their shipment volume still increased by 12.9%; the rest had significant increases in shipment volumes of 36–92%.[193] In Q1 2014, Samsung had a 31% share and Apple had 16%.[194] In Q4 2014, Apple had a 20.4% share and Samsung had 19.9%.[195] In Q2 2016, Samsung had a 22.3% share and Apple had 12.9%.[190] In Q1 2017, IDC reported that Samsung was first placed, with 80 million units, followed by Apple with 50.8 million, Huawei with 34.6 million, Oppo with 25.5 million and Vivo with 22.7 million.[196]

Samsung's mobile business is half the size of Apple's, by revenue. Apple business increased very rapidly in the years 2013 to 2017.[197] Realme, a brand owned by Oppo, is the fastest-growing phone brand worldwide since Q2 2019. In China, Huawei and Honor, a brand owned by Huawei, have 46% of market share combined and posted 66% annual growth as of 2019, amid growing Chinese nationalism.[198][199] In 2019, Samsung had a 74% market share in 5G smartphones while 5G smartphones had 1% of market share in China.[200][201]

Research has shown that iPhones are commonly associated with wealth, and that the average iPhone user has 40% more annual income than the average Android user.[202][203] Women are more likely than men to own an iPhone.[204] TrendForce predicts that foldable phones will start to become popular in 2021.[205]

By operating system

Use

Mobile banking and payment

Mobile payment system.

In many countries, mobile phones are used to provide mobile banking services, which may include the ability to transfer cash payments by secure SMS text message. Kenya's M-PESA mobile banking service, for example, allows customers of the mobile phone operator Safaricom to hold cash balances which are recorded on their SIM cards. Cash can be deposited or withdrawn from M-PESA accounts at Safaricom retail outlets located throughout the country and can be transferred electronically from person to person and used to pay bills to companies.

Branchless banking has been successful in South Africa and the Philippines. A pilot project in Bali was launched in 2011 by the International Finance Corporation and an Indonesian bank, Bank Mandiri.[206]

Another application of mobile banking technology is Zidisha, a US-based nonprofit micro-lending platform that allows residents of developing countries to raise small business loans from Web users worldwide. Zidisha uses mobile banking for loan disbursements and repayments, transferring funds from lenders in the United States to borrowers in rural Africa who have mobile phones and can use the Internet.[207]

Mobile payments were first trialled in Finland in 1998 when two Coca-Cola vending machines in Espoo were enabled to work with SMS payments. Eventually, the idea spread and in 1999, the Philippines launched the country's first commercial mobile payments systems with mobile operators Globe and Smart.

Some mobile phones can make mobile payments via direct mobile billing schemes, or through contactless payments if the phone and the point of sale support near field communication (NFC).[208] Enabling contactless payments through NFC-equipped mobile phones requires the co-operation of manufacturers, network operators, and retail merchants.[209][210]

Facsimile

Some apps allows for sending and receiving facsimile (Fax), over a smartphone, including facsimile data (composed of raster bi-level graphics) generated directly and digitally from document and image file formats.

Convergence with other devices

The rise in popularity of touchscreen smartphones and mobile apps distributed via app stores along with rapidly advancing network, mobile processor, and storage technologies led to a convergence where separate mobile phones, organizers, and portable media players were replaced by a smartphone as the single device most people carried.[211][212][213][214][215][216] Advances in digital camera sensors and on-device image processing software more gradually led to smartphones replacing simpler cameras for photographs and video recording.[98] The built-in GPS capabilities and mapping apps on smartphones largely replaced stand-alone satellite navigation devices, and paper maps became less common.[96] Mobile gaming on smartphones greatly grew in popularity,[217] allowing many people to use them in place of handheld game consoles, and some companies tried creating game console/phone hybrids based on phone hardware and software.[218][219] People frequently have chosen not to get fixed-line telephone service in favor of smartphones.[220][221] Music streaming apps and services have grown rapidly in popularity, serving the same use as listening to music stations on a terrestrial or satellite radio. Streaming video services are easily accessed via smartphone apps and can be used in place of watching television. People have often stopped wearing wristwatches in favor of checking the time on their smartphones, and many use the clock features on their phones in place of alarm clocks.[222]

Additionally, in many lesser technologically developed regions smartphones are people's first and only means of Internet access due to their portability,[223] with personal computers being relatively uncommon outside of business use. The cameras on smartphones can be used to photograph documents and send them via email or messaging in place of using fax (facsimile) machines. Payment apps and services on smartphones allow people to make less use of wallets, purses, credit and debit cards, and cash. Mobile banking apps can allow people to deposit checks simply by photographing them, eliminating the need to take the physical check to an ATM or teller. Guide book apps can take the place of paper travel and restaurant/business guides, museum brochures, and dedicated audio guide equipment.

Criticism and issues

Social impacts

In 2012, University of Southern California study found that unprotected adolescent sexual activity was more common among owners of smartphones.[224] A study conducted by the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's (RPI) Lighting Research Center (LRC) concluded that smartphones, or any backlit devices, can seriously affect sleep cycles.[225] Some persons might become psychologically attached to smartphones resulting in anxiety when separated from the devices.[226] A "smombie" (a combination of "smartphone" and "zombie") is a walking person using a smartphone and not paying attention as they walk, possibly risking an accident in the process, an increasing social phenomenon.[227] The issue of slow-moving smartphone users led to the temporary creation of a "mobile lane" for walking in Chongqing, China.[228] The issue of distracted smartphone users led the city of Augsburg, Germany to embed pedestrian traffic lights in the pavement.[229]

While driving

A New York City driver holding two phones
A user consulting a mapping app on a phone

Mobile phone use while driving—including calling, text messaging, playing media, web browsing, gaming, using mapping apps or operating other phone features—is common but controversial, since it is widely considered dangerous due to what is known as distracted driving. Being distracted while operating a motor vehicle has been shown to increase the risk of accidents. In September 2010, the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) reported that 995 people were killed by drivers distracted by phones. In March 2011 a US insurance company, State Farm Insurance, announced the results of a study which showed 19% of drivers surveyed accessed the Internet on a smartphone while driving.[230] Many jurisdictions prohibit the use of mobile phones while driving. In Egypt, Israel, Japan, Portugal and Singapore, both handheld and hands-free calling on a mobile phone (which uses a speakerphone) is banned. In other countries including the UK and France and in many US states, only the use of calling on handheld phones is banned, while hands-free use is permitted.

A 2011 study reported that over 90% of college students surveyed text (initiate, reply or read) while driving.[231] The scientific literature on the danger of driving while sending a text message from a mobile phone, or texting while driving, is limited. A simulation study at the University of Utah found a sixfold increase in distraction-related accidents when texting.[232][dead link] Due to the complexity of smartphones that began to grow more after, this has introduced additional difficulties for law enforcement officials when attempting to distinguish one usage from another in drivers using their devices. This is more apparent in countries which ban both handheld and hands-free usage, rather than those which ban handheld use only, as officials cannot easily tell which function of the phone is being used simply by looking at the driver. This can lead to drivers being stopped for using their device illegally for a call when, in fact, they were using the device legally, for example, when using the phone's incorporated controls for car stereo, GPS or satnav.

A sign along Bellaire Boulevard in Southside Place, Texas (Greater Houston) states that using mobile phones while driving is prohibited from 7:30 am to 9:00 am and from 2:00 pm to 4:15 pm

A 2010 study reviewed the incidence of phone use while cycling and its effects on behavior and safety.[233] In 2013 a national survey in the US reported the number of drivers who reported using their phones to access the Internet while driving had risen to nearly one of four.[234] A study conducted by the University of Vienna examined approaches for reducing inappropriate and problematic use of mobile phones, such as using phones while driving.[235]

Accidents involving a driver being distracted by being in a call on a phone have begun to be prosecuted as negligence similar to speeding. In the United Kingdom, from 27 February 2007, motorists who are caught using a handheld phone while driving will have three penalty points added to their license in addition to the fine of £60.[236] This increase was introduced to try to stem the increase in drivers ignoring the law.[237] Japan prohibits all use of phones while driving, including use of hands-free devices. New Zealand has banned handheld phone use since 1 November 2009. Many states in the United States have banned text messaging on phones while driving. Illinois became the 17th American state to enforce this law.[238] As of July 2010, 30 states had banned texting while driving, with Kentucky becoming the most recent addition on July 15.[239]

Public Health Law Research maintains a list of distracted driving laws in the United States. This database of laws provides a comprehensive view of the provisions of laws that restrict the use of mobile devices while driving for all 50 states and the District of Columbia between 1992, when first law was passed through December 1, 2010. The dataset contains information on 22 dichotomous, continuous or categorical variables including, for example, activities regulated (e.g., texting versus talking, hands-free versus handheld calls, web browsing, gaming), targeted populations, and exemptions.[240]

Legal

A "patent war" between Samsung and Apple started when the latter claimed that the original Galaxy S Android phone copied the interface‍—‌and possibly the hardware‍—‌of Apple's iOS for the iPhone 3GS. There was also smartphone patents licensing and litigation involving Sony Mobile, Google, Apple Inc., Samsung, Microsoft, Nokia, Motorola, HTC, Huawei and ZTE, among others. The conflict is part of the wider "patent wars" between multinational technology and software corporations. To secure and increase market share, companies granted a patent can sue to prevent competitors from using the methods the patent covers. Since the 2010s the number of lawsuits, counter-suits, and trade complaints based on patents and designs in the market for smartphones, and devices based on smartphone OSes such as Android and iOS, has increased significantly. Initial suits, countersuits, rulings, license agreements, and other major events began in 2009 as the smartphone market stated to grow more rapidly by 2012.

Medical

With the rise in number of mobile medical apps in the market place, government regulatory agencies raised concerns on the safety of the use of such applications. These concerns were transformed into regulation initiatives worldwide with the aim of safeguarding users from untrusted medical advice.[241]

Security

Smartphone malware is easily distributed through an insecure app store.[242][243] Often, malware is hidden in pirated versions of legitimate apps, which are then distributed through third-party app stores.[244][245] Malware risk also comes from what is known as an "update attack", where a legitimate application is later changed to include a malware component, which users then install when they are notified that the app has been updated.[246] As well, one out of three robberies in 2012 in the United States involved the theft of a mobile phone. An online petition has urged smartphone makers to install kill switches in their devices.[247] In 2014, Apple's "Find my iPhone" and Google's "Android Device Manager" can locate, disable, and wipe the data from phones that have been lost or stolen. With BlackBerry Protect in OS version 10.3.2, devices can be rendered unrecoverable to even BlackBerry's own Operating System recovery tools if incorrectly authenticated or dissociated from their account.[248]

Leaked documents published by WikiLeaks, codenamed Vault 7 and dated from 2013–2016, detail the capabilities of the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to perform electronic surveillance and cyber warfare, including the ability to compromise the operating systems of most smartphones (including iOS and Android).[249][250]

Guidelines for mobile device security were issued by NIST[251] and many other organizations. For conducting a private, in-person meeting, at least one site recommends that the user switch the smartphone off and disconnect the battery.[252]

Sleep

Using smartphones late at night can disturb sleep, due to the blue light and brightly lit screen, which affects melatonin levels and sleep cycles. In an effort to alleviate these issues, "Night Mode" functionality to change the color temperature of a screen to a warmer hue based on the time of day to reduce the amount of blue light generated became available through several apps for Android and the f.lux software for jailbroken iPhones.[253] iOS 9.3 integrated a similar, system-level feature known as "Night Shift." Several Android device manufacturers bypassed Google's initial reluctance to make Night Mode a standard feature in Android and included software for it on their hardware under varying names, before Android Oreo added it to the OS for compatible devices.[254]

It has also been theorized that for some users, addiction to use of their phones, especially before they go to bed, can result in "ego depletion." Many people also use their phones as alarm clocks, which can also lead to loss of sleep.[255][256][257][258][259]

See also

References

  1. ^ "A Survey of Techniques for Improving Efficiency of Mobile Web Browsing", CPE, 2018
  2. ^ Don Reisinger (October 17, 2012). "Worldwide smartphone user base hits 1 billion". CNet. Retrieved July 26, 2013.
  3. ^ a b "Smartphones now outsell 'dumb' phones". 3 News NZ. April 29, 2013. Archived from the original on August 1, 2013. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
  4. ^ Sahay, Shubham; Kumar, Mamidala Jagadesh (2019). Junctionless Field-Effect Transistors: Design, Modeling, and Simulation. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781119523536.
  5. ^ a b "Remarks by Director Iancu at the 2019 International Intellectual Property Conference". United States Patent and Trademark Office. June 10, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  6. ^ Sridharan, K.; Pudi, Vikramkumar (2015). Design of Arithmetic Circuits in Quantum Dot Cellular Automata Nanotechnology. Springer. p. 1. ISBN 9783319166889.
  7. ^ a b Baliga, B. Jayant (2005). Silicon RF Power MOSFETS. World Scientific. ISBN 9789812561213.
  8. ^ a b Asif, Saad (2018). 5G Mobile Communications: Concepts and Technologies. CRC Press. pp. 128–134. ISBN 9780429881343.
  9. ^ O'Neill, A. (2008). "Asad Abidi Recognized for Work in RF-CMOS". IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter. 13 (1): 57–58. doi:10.1109/N-SSC.2008.4785694. ISSN 1098-4232.
  10. ^ a b Williams, R. K.; Darwish, M. N.; Blanchard, R. A.; Siemieniec, R.; Rutter, P.; Kawaguchi, Y. (2017). "The Trench Power MOSFET—Part II: Application Specific VDMOS, LDMOS, Packaging, and Reliability". IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices. 64 (3): 692–712. Bibcode:2017ITED...64..692W. doi:10.1109/TED.2017.2655149. ISSN 0018-9383.
  11. ^ a b "IEEE Medal for Environmental and Safety Technologies Recipients". IEEE Medal for Environmental and Safety Technologies. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
  12. ^ a b "Keywords to understanding Sony Energy Devices – keyword 1991". Sony Energy Devices Corporation. Sony. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  13. ^ "Watch The Incredible 70-Year Evolution Of The Cell Phone". Wonder How To. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  14. ^ Sager, Ira (June 29, 2012). "Before IPhone and Android Came Simon, the First Smartphone". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg News. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
  15. ^ Sager, Ira (June 29, 2012). "Before IPhone and Android Came Simon, the First Smartphones". Bloomberg Businessweek. Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved June 30, 2012. Simon was the first smartphone. Twenty years ago, it envisioned our app-happy mobile lives, squeezing the features of a cell phone, pager, fax machine, and computer into an 18-ounce black brick.
  16. ^ Schneidawind, John (November 23, 1992). "Poindexter putting finger on PC bugs; Big Blue unveiling". USA Today. p. 2B.
  17. ^ Connelly, Charlotte. "World's first 'smartphone' celebrates 20 years". BBC News. BBC News. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
  18. ^ History of first touchscreen smartphone Archived May 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Spinfold.com
  19. ^ Jin, Dal Yong (2017). Smartland Korea: Mobile Communication, Culture, and Society. University of Michigan Press. pp. 34–35. ISBN 9780472053377.
  20. ^ Nochkin, Alexandr (July 10, 2013). "IBM Simon. The first smartphone in the World. What's inside". IBM blog (in Russian). Habrahabr.ru. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
  21. ^ "First Smartphone Turns 20: Fun Facts About Simon". Time. August 18, 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
  22. ^ Mostefaoui, Ghita K.; Tariq, Faisal (2018). Mobile Apps Engineering: Design, Development, Security, and Testing. CRC Press. p. 16. ISBN 9781351681438.
  23. ^ Savage, Pamela (January 1995). "Designing a GUI for Business Telephone users". Association of Computing Machinery. Retrieved September 13, 2014. ...It is at this point that early usability test participants met impasse. The switch connected to our "smart phone" is expecting the typical "dumb end-point"... AT&T's PhoneWriter was demonstrated at the 1993 Comdex Computer Show...
  24. ^ "Qualcomm's pdQ Smartphone" (Press release). Qualcomm.
  25. ^ "Ericsson R380 / R380s | Device Specs". PhoneDB. January 25, 2008. Retrieved September 29, 2019.
  26. ^ "PDA Review: Ericsson R380 Smartphone". Geek.com. Archived from the original on July 12, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  27. ^ Brown, Bruce (April 24, 2001). "Ericsson R380 World Review & Rating". PC Magazine.
  28. ^ "Ericsson Introduces The New R380e". Mobile Magazine. Archived from the original on March 25, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  29. ^ "Kyocera QCP 6035 | Device Specs". PhoneDB. February 29, 2008. Retrieved September 29, 2019.
  30. ^ "Kyocera QCP 6035 Smartphone Review". Palminfocenter.com. March 16, 2001. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
  31. ^ Segan, Sascha (March 23, 2010). "Kyocera Launches First Smartphone In Years | News & Opinion". PCmag.com. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
  32. ^ "Nokia 9210 Communicator Device Specs". PhoneDB. October 16, 2007. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
  33. ^ "Handspring Treo Communicator 180". mobiletechreview.com. Archived from the original on June 17, 2016. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
  34. ^ Rose, Frank (September 2001). "Pocket Monster: How DoCoMo's wireless Internet service went from fad to phenom - and turned Japan into the first post-PC nation". Wired. 9 (9). Retrieved January 24, 2014.
  35. ^ Barnes, Stuart J, Huff, Sid L. (November 1, 2003). Rising Sun: iMode and the Wireless Internet, Vol. 46, No. 1. Communications of the ACM. pp. 79–84.
  36. ^ Anwar, Sayid Tariq. "NTT DoCoMo and M-Commerce: A Case Study in Market Expansion and Global Strategy" (PDF). The American Graduate School of International Management. Retrieved February 16, 2014.
  37. ^ Tabuchi, Hiroko. "Why Japan's Smartphones Haven't Gone Global". The New York Times. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
  38. ^ Budmar, Patrick (July 11, 2012). "Why Japanese smartphones never went global". PC World AU. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
  39. ^ Devin Stewart (April 29, 2010). "Slowing Japan's Galapagos Syndrome". Huffington Post. Retrieved June 24, 2010. 'Galapagos syndrome', a phrase originally coined to describe Japanese cell phones that were so advanced they had little in common with devices used in the rest of the world, could potentially spread to other parts of society. Indeed signs suggest it is happening already.
  40. ^ "Info Addicts Are All Thumbs: Crackberry Is the 2006 Word of the Year". PR Newswire. November 1, 2006. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
  41. ^ "The Nokia E Series Range of Smartphones". Brighthub.com. September 27, 2010. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  42. ^ Schroeder, Stan (February 23, 2010). "Smartphones in 2009: Symbian Dominates, iPhone, RIM and Android Rising Fast". Mashable. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
  43. ^ a b Whitwam, Ryan. "How Steve Jobs killed the stylus and made smartphones usable". ExtremeTech. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
  44. ^ a b c d Elgan, Mike (July 2, 2011). "How iPhone Changed the World". Cult of Mac. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
  45. ^ "LG, Prada to Start Selling Mobile Phone at Start of Next Year" (Press release). December 11, 2006. Archived from the original on January 8, 2007.
  46. ^ Temple, Stephen. "Vintage Mobiles: LG Prada - First mobile with a capacitive touchscreen (May 2007)". History of GMS: Birth of the mobile revolution.
  47. ^ Jobs, Steve (January 19, 2007). Macworld San Francisco 2007 Keynote Address. San Francisco: Apple, Inc. Archived from the original on December 22, 2010.
  48. ^ Cohen, Peter (March 13, 2007). "Macworld Expo Keynote Live Update". Macworld. Archived from the original on July 24, 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
  49. ^ "Apple Reinvents the Phone with iPhone" (Press release). Apple Inc. January 9, 2007. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
  50. ^ Louis, Tristan (January 9, 2007). "The iPhone is here". TNL.net. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
  51. ^ Walter S. Mossberg; Katherine Boehret (June 26, 2007). "The iPhone Is a Breakthrough Handheld Computer". The Mossberg Solution. The iPhone is the first smart phone we've tested with a real, computer-grade Web browser, a version of Apple's Safari. It displays entire Web pages, in their real layouts, and allows you to zoom in quickly by either tapping or pinching with your finger.
  52. ^ Levy, Steven (June 25, 2007). "First Look: Test Driving the iPhone". Newsweek. Retrieved October 16, 2019. Web-browsing is where the iPhone leaves competitors in the dust. It does the best job yet of compressing the World Wide Web on a palm-size device. The screen can nicely display an entire Web page, and by dragging, tapping, pinching and stretching your fingers you can zero in on the part of the page you want to read. Web pages you wouldn't dare go to on other phones are suddenly accessible
  53. ^ Ed Baig (June 26, 2007). "iPhone Review". USA Today. Retrieved October 16, 2019. This is the closest thing to the real-deal Internet that I've seen on a pocket-size device ... IPhone runs Apple's Safari browser. You can view full Web pages, then double-tap the screen to zoom in. Or pinch to make text larger. Sliding your finger moves the page around. Rotating iPhone lets you view a page widescreen.
  54. ^ Shea, Dave (January 9, 2007). "iMobile". mezzoblue.com. Retrieved October 16, 2019. It doesn't run a stripped-down mobile browser that delivers a sub-par experience, it runs Safari - a customized version with special UI tweaks, but that's still WebKit under the hood. It will render your site the same way your desktop does.
  55. ^ Duncan, Geoff (October 17, 2007). "Apple confirms iPhone SDK coming next year". Digital Trends. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
  56. ^ "Steve Jobs confirms native iPhone SDK by February". AppleInsider. October 17, 2007. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
  57. ^ Dalrymple, Jim (March 6, 2008). "Apple unveils iPhone SDK". Macworld. International Data Group. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
  58. ^ Block, Ryan (March 6, 2008). "Live from Apple's iPhone SDK press conference". Engadget. AOL. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
  59. ^ "The Day Google Had to 'Start Over' on Android". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
  60. ^ Elgin, Ben (August 17, 2005). "Google Buys Android for Its Mobile Arsenal". Bloomberg Businessweek. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on February 5, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
  61. ^ Block, Ryan (August 28, 2007). "Google is working on a mobile OS, and it's due out shortly". Engadget. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
  62. ^ "All T-Mobile retail stores to carry G1". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
  63. ^ Stokes, Jon (January 8, 2009). "Palm strikes back with new OS, pre handset at CES". Ars Technica. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
  64. ^ Stokes, Jon (January 12, 2009). ""Synergy" means no need to "save" or "sync" on Palm's pre". Ars Technica. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
  65. ^ Iwatani, Yukari (August 19, 2011). "Pioneering Firm Bows to 'Post-PC World'". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 30, 2011.
  66. ^ "HP sells Palm WebOS assets to LG". BBC News. February 26, 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2020.
  67. ^ Cha, Bonnie. "BlackBerry Torch 9800 review: BlackBerry Torch 9800". CNET. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
  68. ^ "Can Blackerry Torch compete with iPhone?". Orange County Register. September 21, 2010. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
  69. ^ "RIM launches BlackBerry Torch 9810, Torch 9860 and Bold 9900, we go hands-on!". Engadget. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
  70. ^ Topolsky, Joshua (January 30, 2013). "BlackBerry Z10 review: a new life, or life support?". The Verge. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
  71. ^ "Windows Phone 7: An In-depth Look at the Features and Interface". PCWorld. February 15, 2010. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
  72. ^ "Nokia and Microsoft form partnership". BBC News. February 11, 2011. Retrieved December 16, 2018.
  73. ^ Weintraub, Seth (February 8, 2011). "Nokia's Elop drops bomb: the platform is on fire". CNN. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
  74. ^ ben-Aaron, Diana (February 11, 2011). "Nokia Falls Most Since July 2009 After Microsoft Deal". Bloomberg. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  75. ^ a b Bright, Peter (October 9, 2017). "Windows Phone is now officially dead: A sad tale of what might have been". Ars Technica. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  76. ^ Tung, Liam. "Lumia 520 extends lead as most popular Windows Phone, as Nokia takes 90 percent of the market". ZDNet. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  77. ^ Miller, Matthew. "IDC: Windows Phone sees largest year-over-year increase, Android still dominates". ZDNet. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  78. ^ Vincent, James (February 16, 2017). "99.6 percent of new smartphones run Android or iOS". The Verge. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
  79. ^ Savov, Vlad (August 20, 2015). "96.8 percent of new smartphones sold are either iPhone or Android devices". The Verge. Retrieved March 2, 2020.
  80. ^ "BlackBerry bails on building its own phones". CNET. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
  81. ^ "TCL signs an exclusive deal to build BlackBerry-branded phones". TechCrunch. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
  82. ^ "BlackBerry bets on Android's apps to buoy new Priv". The Globe & Mail. Retrieved September 26, 2015.
  83. ^ Warren, Tom (July 8, 2015). "Microsoft writes off $7.6 billion from Nokia deal, announces 7,800 job cuts". The Verge. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  84. ^ Rivera, Jaime (October 18, 2013). "Nokia owns 90% of the Windows Phone market share". PocketNow.
  85. ^ Warren, Tom (October 23, 2015). "Windows Phone has a new app problem". The Verge. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  86. ^ Warren, Tom (May 25, 2016). "Microsoft lays off hundreds as it guts its phone business". The Verge. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  87. ^ Savov, Vlad (October 10, 2017). "Windows Phone was a glorious failure". The Verge. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  88. ^ Warren, Tom (July 8, 2015). "Microsoft writes off $7.6 billion from Nokia deal, announces 7,800 job cuts". The Verge. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  89. ^ Warren, Tom (February 24, 2014). "This is Nokia X: Android and Windows Phone collide". The Verge. Retrieved March 2, 2020.
  90. ^ "Updated: Nokia 9 PureView camera review". DXOMARK. September 18, 2019. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
  91. ^ a b c Yegulalp, Serdar (May 11, 2012). "Camera phones: A look back and forward". Computerworld. Retrieved September 15, 2019.
  92. ^ "First mobile videophone introduced". CNN. May 18, 1999. Retrieved September 15, 2019.
  93. ^ Hoi Wan (February 28, 2012). "Evolution of the Camera phone: From Sharp J-SH04 to Nokia 808 Pureview". Hoista.net. Archived from the original on July 31, 2013. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
  94. ^ "From J-Phone to Lumia 1020: A complete history of the camera phone". Digital Trends. August 11, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2019.
  95. ^ "Taking pictures with your phone". BBC News. BBC. September 18, 2001. Retrieved September 15, 2019.
  96. ^ a b O'Brien, Kevin J. (November 15, 2010). "Smartphone Sales Taking Toll on G.P.S. Devices". New York Times.
  97. ^ "Nokia 6111 review: Venus and maybe Mars too". GSMArena.com.
  98. ^ a b Ogg, Erica (December 22, 2011). "Smartphones killing point-and-shoots, now take almost 1/3 of photos". Gigaom. Retrieved October 22, 2019.
  99. ^ Siegler, MG (April 17, 2011). "iPhone 4 About To Be Flickr's Top Camera. Point & Shoots? Pretty Much The Opposite". TechCrunch. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  100. ^ Cooke, Alex (October 30, 2017). "Nikon Closes China Camera Factory, Cites Smartphones as Cause". Fstoppers. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  101. ^ "Smile, and Say 'Android'". New York Times. December 20, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
  102. ^ Stirr, Thomas (April 2, 2016). "Digital Camera Sales Continued To Decline In 2015". Retrieved October 31, 2016.
  103. ^ "Worldwide unit sales of digital cameras from 2011 to 2016 (in millions)". Retrieved March 28, 2017.
  104. ^ "Sony Ericsson Satio – A Phone with Ultimate multimedia experience". Newtechnology.co.in. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
  105. ^ "Samsung Pixon12 M8910 Price in India - 12 megapixel camera-phone". Newtechnology.co.in. Archived from the original on April 24, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
  106. ^ Chan, John (June 15, 2010). "Hands-on with the 14-megapixel Altek Leo". CNET. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on April 3, 2012.
  107. ^ Cade, DL (October 24, 2016). "Apple Just Released Their Fake Bokeh Portrait Mode to Everyone". PetaPixel. Retrieved November 5, 2019.
  108. ^ Andy Boxall (June 4, 2018). "Huawei P20 Pro review".
  109. ^ "Nokia 9 PureView - Full phone specifications". GSMarena.com. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
  110. ^ Mat Smith (December 29, 2011). "1 million Galaxy Notes shipped worldwide, US fans throw money at their screens". Engadget.
  111. ^ "Samsung: 10M Galaxy Notes sold in nine months". CNET. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
  112. ^ History Of The Huawei Mate Flagships 2 May 2019.
  113. ^ "Samsung's Galaxy Round is the first phone with a curved display". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
  114. ^ "LG G Flex appears on the FCC with AT&T-friendly LTE". Engadget. Retrieved March 9, 2014.
  115. ^ "LG G Flex announced with vertically curved 6-inch 720p screen, 'self-repairing' back cover". Engadget. Verizon Media. Retrieved March 9, 2014.
  116. ^ Dent, Steve (February 18, 2014). "Do you really need a 4K smartphone screen?".
  117. ^ "Sony's 4K smartphone shows most content in 1080p". Engadget. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
  118. ^ "LG G6 With 5.7-Inch FullVision Display, Google Assistant Launched at MWC 2017". Gadgets360. NDTV. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
  119. ^ "The LG G6 is sleek, solid, and surprisingly sensible". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
  120. ^ "This is the Samsung Galaxy S8, coming April 21st". The Verge. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
  121. ^ Mathur, Vishal (April 29, 2018). "Why do Android phones want a notch?". Livemint. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
  122. ^ "Google thankfully bans Android phones with three notches or other exotic configurations". PCWorld. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
  123. ^ Petrov, Daniel. "What was the first phone with a notch? Answer may surprise you". Phone Arena. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
  124. ^ Axon, Samuel (November 25, 2017). "How app developers and designers feel about the iPhone X—and the notch". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
  125. ^ Andrew, Williams (November 14, 2018). "Cut it out: how the smartphone notch became 'a thing'". TechRadar. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
  126. ^ Pocket-lint (February 11, 2020). "Is the hole-punch camera here to stay? We look at the pros and cons of the front camera design". Pocket-lint. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
  127. ^ Low, Aloysius (August 20, 2019). "Oppo Find X review: Sexier and more innovative than the Galaxy S9". CNET. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  128. ^ Seifert, Dan (June 19, 2018). "Oppo's Find X ditches the notch for pop-up cameras". The Verge. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
  129. ^ Byford, Sam (June 26, 2019). "Oppo unveils the world's first under-screen selfie camera". The Verge. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
  130. ^ King, Ian (December 15, 2013). "Bendable smartphones aren't coming anytime soon". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
  131. ^ Warren, Tom (November 8, 2018). "The foldable phones are coming". The Verge. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
  132. ^ Statt, Nick (November 5, 2018). "We tried the world's first folding phone, and it actually works". The Verge. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
  133. ^ Warren, Tom (November 7, 2018). "This is Samsung's foldable smartphone". The Verge. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
  134. ^ Dunn, Jeff (February 20, 2019). "Samsung's foldable phone is finally official—meet the Galaxy Fold". Ars Technica. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  135. ^ Warren, Tom (September 5, 2019). "How Samsung fixed the Galaxy Fold". The Verge. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
  136. ^ Gartenberg, Chaim (November 13, 2019). "Motorola resurrects the Razr as a foldable Android smartphone". The Verge. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
  137. ^ "Fingerprint Scanner On Phones: History & Evolution, But Do We Really Need That?". Web cusp.
  138. ^ Newton, Casey (September 10, 2013). "Apple's new iPhone will read your fingerprint". The Verge. Retrieved September 11, 2013.
  139. ^ George Monbiot (September 23, 2013). "Why is Apple so shifty about how it makes the iPhone?". The Guardian. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
  140. ^ Schröder, Horst (April 4, 2016). "So gut ist das erste Fairphone aus Deutschland". www.gruenderszene.de. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
  141. ^ Darrell Etherington (October 10, 2013). "Quasar IV Encrypted Ninja Smartphone Goes Into Production, Despite Indiegogo Failure". TechCrunch. Verizon Media. Retrieved October 10, 2013.
  142. ^ Byford, Sam (October 29, 2013). "Motorola reveals ambitious plan to build modular smartphones". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved October 29, 2013.
  143. ^ Musil, Steven (October 29, 2013). "Motorola unveils Project Ara for custom smartphones". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved October 29, 2013.
  144. ^ Pierce, David. "Project Ara Lives: Google's Modular Phone Is Ready for You Now". Wired. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
  145. ^ "Google confirms the end of its modular Project Ara smartphone". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved September 2, 2016.
  146. ^ "LG G5 hands-on—LG may have made the most innovative phone of MWC". Ars Technica. Retrieved February 21, 2016.
  147. ^ "Motorola's new Moto Z ditches the headphone jack, adds hot-swapping magnetic modular accessories". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
  148. ^ "Inside Microsoft's Plan to Unlock the Full Power of Your Phone". Time.com. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
  149. ^ Miller, Ross. "Microsoft's new Display Dock transforms your Windows 10 mobile into a PC". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
  150. ^ "This map shows the percentage of people around the world who own smartphones". Business Insider.
  151. ^ "Number of smartphone users worldwide 2014-2020 | Statista". Statista. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
  152. ^ "7 exciting smartphone trends to watch in 2016: VR, super-fast LTE, and more". PC World. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
  153. ^ "I tried the first phone with an in-display fingerprint sensor". The Verge. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
  154. ^ Seifert, Dan (February 20, 2019). "Samsung officially announces the Galaxy S10 and S10 Plus, starting at $899". The Verge. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  155. ^ "Seven New Smartphone Features For 2019 - TelcoWorld Corp. Melbourne Mobile Phone Repairs".
  156. ^ a b c d Kim, Woonyun (2015). "CMOS power amplifier design for cellular applications: an EDGE/GSM dual-mode quad-band PA in 0.18 μm CMOS". In Wang, Hua; Sengupta, Kaushik (eds.). RF and mm-Wave Power Generation in Silicon. Academic Press. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-0-12-409522-9.
  157. ^ Kent, Joel (May 2010). "Touchscreen technology basics & a new development". CMOS Emerging Technologies Conference. CMOS Emerging Technologies Research. 6: 1–13. ISBN 9781927500057.
  158. ^ Ganapati, Priya (March 5, 2010). "Finger Fail: Why Most Touchscreens Miss the Point". Wired. Archived from the original on May 11, 2014. Retrieved November 9, 2019.
  159. ^ "LDMOS Products and Solutions". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
  160. ^ "CPU Frequency". CPU World Glossary. CPU World. March 25, 2008. Retrieved January 1, 2010.
  161. ^ "Don't call it a phablet: the 5.5" Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge is narrower than many 5.2" devices". PhoneArena. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  162. ^ "We're gonna need Pythagoras' help to compare screen sizes in 2017". The Verge. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  163. ^ "The Samsung Galaxy S8 will change the way we think about display sizes". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  164. ^ Ward, J. R.; Phillips, M. J. (April 1, 1987). "Digitizer Technology: Performance Characteristics and the Effects on the User Interface". IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications. 7 (4): 31–44. doi:10.1109/MCG.1987.276869. ISSN 0272-1716.
  165. ^ Jeff Hecht. "Why Mobile Voice Quality Still Stinks—and How to Fix It". ieee.org.
  166. ^ Elena Malykhina. "Why Is Cell Phone Call Quality So Terrible?". scientificamerican.com.
  167. ^ Alan Henry. "What's the Best Mobile VoIP App?". Lifehacker. Gawker Media.
  168. ^ "6 phones with the best battery life". Retrieved October 31, 2017.
  169. ^ "J.D. Power and Associates Reports: Smartphone Battery Life has Become a Significant Drain on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty". Retrieved September 11, 2014.
  170. ^ Kendrick, James (August 4, 2014). "The secret behind poor smartphone battery life". ZDNet. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
  171. ^ "Peak Battery: Why Smartphone Battery Life Still Stinks, and Will for Years". TIME.com. April 1, 2013.
  172. ^ "Refurbished version of ill-fated Galaxy Note 7 will soon be available overseas". May 5, 2017.
  173. ^ "The Most Impactful New iPhone Feature May Be the Most Boring". WIRED. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
  174. ^ "Top 16 Best Camera Phones For Photography 2019". April 4, 2019.
  175. ^ "Gartner Says Worldwide Sales of Smartphones Returned to Growth in First Quarter of 2018". Gartner, Inc. Gartner. May 29, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
  176. ^ Thom Holwerda, OSNews, November 12, 2013, The second operating system hiding in every mobile phone Archived November 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  177. ^ Trends, Small Business. "What The Heck Is An "App"?". Business Insider.
  178. ^ W3C Interview: Vision Mobile on the App Developer Economy with Matos Kapetanakis and Dimitris Michalakos Archived June 29, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. February 18, 2014. Retrieved February 24, 2015.
  179. ^ Erica Ogg (December 22, 2011). "Smartphones killing point-and-shoots, now take almost 1/3 of photos". GIGAOM. GIGAOM. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
  180. ^ Leena Rao (September 19, 2012). "comScore: 4 Out Of 5 Smartphone Owners Use Device To Shop; Amazon Is The Most Popular Mobile Retailer". TechCrunch. AOL Inc. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
  181. ^ Jake Swearingen (December 4, 2018). "We're No Longer in Smartphone Plateau. We're in the Smartphone Decline". New York Magazine.
  182. ^ "Worldwide Smartphone Shipments Top One Billion Units for the First Time, According to IDC". IDC. January 2014. Archived from the original on January 31, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
  183. ^ Daniel van Boom (April 27, 2016). "It's not just Apple: Global smartphone market shrinks for the first time ever".
  184. ^ Daphne Leprince-Ringuet (November 26, 2019). "As smartphone sales decline again, Apple may have a few lessons to learn from Samsung and Huawei". ZDNet.
  185. ^ Samuel Axon (December 11, 2019). "Fewer than 10% of Americans are buying $1,000 smartphones, report says". Ars Technica.
  186. ^ Lisa Eadicicco (December 12, 2019). "Evidence is mounting that people are fed up with the sky-high cost of smartphones, and it's sparking a massive change in the industry". Business Insider.
  187. ^ "Counterpoint: Global smartphone market is alive thanks to China and India". GSMArena.com.
  188. ^ Alan Weissberger (November 8, 2019). "Counterpoint Research: Smartphone Market Decline Ends, What Might Help it Grow?". IEEE Communications Society Technology Blog.
  189. ^ Steve McCaskill (September 26, 2019). "Smartphone market set for 'biggest ever decline'". TechRadar.
  190. ^ a b "Gartner Says Global Smartphone Sales Fell Slightly in the Fourth Quarter of 2019". Gartner. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
  191. ^ "Top Five Smartphone Vendors, Shipments, Market Share, and Year-Over-Year Growth, Q2 2018". International Data Corporation. Retrieved November 11, 2018.
  192. ^ "Global Smartphone Market Share: By Quarter". November 29, 2019.
  193. ^ Jon Fingas (January 28, 2014). "Smartphone sales may have topped 1 billion in 2013, depending on who you ask". Engadget.
  194. ^ Steven Millward (May 13, 2014). "Xiaomi breaks into global top 10 for smartphone shipments, kicks out HTC". Tech In Asia. Retrieved September 9, 2014.
  195. ^ Brett Molina and Marco della Cava, USA TODAY (March 3, 2015). "Apple beats Samsung in Q4 smartphone sales". USA TODAY.
  196. ^ Frank Hersey (July 4, 2017). "6 of the world's top 10 smartphone brands are Chinese". technode. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  197. ^ Dunn, Jeff (February 28, 2017). "Samsung introduced 10 times as many phones as Apple last year, but its mobile division made half as much revenue". Business Insider.
  198. ^ Doffman, Zak. "Huawei Shoots Up 66% As Apple Plummets: China Has Given Its Blacklist Verdict". Forbes.
  199. ^ ‌Argam Artashyan (December 12, 2019). "Huawei And Honor Account For Half Of Chinese Smartphone Market". GizChina.
  200. ^ "Samsung dominates early market for 5G smartphones | TechRadar". www.techradar.com.
  201. ^ Lee, Cyrus. "5G phones account for less than 1% of sales in China". ZDNet.
  202. ^ "iPhone Users Earn Higher Income, Engage More on Apps than Android Users". Comscore, Inc.
  203. ^ "Want to Appear Rich? Buy an iPhone". Gizmodo.
  204. ^ Williams, Rhiannon (January 9, 2015). "Women more likely to own an iPhone than men". The Daily Telegraph.
  205. ^ "Breakthrough in Foldable Phone Penetration Rate Begins in 2021; Flexible AMOLED Panels are Key, Says TrendForce". press.trendforce.com.
  206. ^ "Branchless banking to start in Bali". The Jakarta Post. April 13, 2012. Retrieved June 4, 2012.
  207. ^ ""Zidisha Set to "Expand" in Peer-to-Peer Microfinance", Microfinance Focus, Feb 2010". Microfinancefocus.com. February 7, 2010. Archived from the original on September 21, 2012. Retrieved June 4, 2012.
  208. ^ Feig, Nancy (June 25, 2007). "Mobile Payments: Look to Korea". banktech.com. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
  209. ^ Ready, Sarah (November 10, 2009). "NFC mobile phone set to explode". connectedplanetonline.com. Archived from the original on January 24, 2010. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
  210. ^ Tofel, Kevin C. (August 20, 2010). "VISA Testing NFC Memory Cards for Wireless Payments". gigaom.com. Retrieved January 21, 2011.
  211. ^ Reisinger, Don (August 15, 2013). "Smartphones Sales Finally Overtake Feature Phones: 10 Reasons Why". eWeek.
  212. ^ Rob van der Meulen & Janessa Rivera (August 14, 2013). "Gartner Says Smartphone Sales Grew 46.5 Percent in Second Quarter of 2013 and Exceeded Feature Phone Sales for First Time".
  213. ^ Cyrus Farivar (August 14, 2013). "Smartphones Outsell Feature Phones, for the First Time".
  214. ^ Andrew Smith, Faithe Wempen (2011). CompTIA Strata Study Guide. John Wiley & Sons. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-470-97742-2. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
  215. ^ "Smartphones Heavily Decrease Sales of iPod, MP3 Players". Tom's Hardware. December 30, 2012.
  216. ^ Yu, Emily. "PMP needs to merge with cellphone, says Smartwork exec". EE Times Asia. Archived from the original on 23 April 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2007.
  217. ^ Wijman, Tom (April 30, 2018). "Mobile Revenues Account for More Than 50% of the Global Games Market as It Reaches $137.9 Billion in 2018". newzoo.com. Newzoo. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
  218. ^ "Xperia Play | PlayStation certified Android mobile". Sony Ericsson. Archived from the original on August 8, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
  219. ^ Lowe, Scott (July 30, 2013). "Android handheld of the future. Not today". IGN. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
  220. ^ "Milestone for cellphones vs. landline phones". CBS News. May 4, 2017. Archived from the original on June 16, 2017. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
  221. ^ "The Daily — Residential Telephone Service Survey, 2013". Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on October 23, 2014.
  222. ^ "Why Are Alarm Clocks Still a Thing?". Motherboard.vice.com. Motherboard. April 10, 2015. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
  223. ^ "ICT Facts and Figures 2005, 2010, 2016". Telecommunication Development Bureau, International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Retrieved May 24, 2015.
  224. ^ "SMARTPHONES make TEENS have SEX with STRANGERS". theregister.co.uk. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
  225. ^ Colaner, Seth (August 27, 2012). "Your Tablet and Smartphone Could Be Ruining Your Sleep". Retrieved January 22, 2014.
  226. ^ Cheever, N. A.; Rosen, L. D.; Carrier, L. M.; Chavez, A. (2014). "Out of sight is not out of mind: The impact of restricting wireless mobile device use on anxiety levels among low, moderate and high users". Computers in Human Behavior. 37: 290–297. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.002.
  227. ^ Hookham, Mark; Togoh, Isabel; Yeates, Alex (February 21, 2016). "Walkers hit by curse of the smombie". The Sunday Times. UK. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
  228. ^ Hatton, Celia (September 15, 2014). "Chongqing's 'mobile lane'". BBC News. UK: BBC. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
  229. ^ Rick Noack (April 25, 2016) This city embedded traffic lights in the sidewalks so that smartphone users don’t have to look up The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
  230. ^ "Quit Googling yourself and drive: About 20% of drivers using Web behind the wheel, study says". Los Angeles Times. March 4, 2011.
  231. ^ Atchley, Paul; Atwood, Stephanie; Boulton, Aaron (January 2011). "The Choice to Text and Drive in Younger Drivers: Behaviour May Shape Attitude". Accident Analysis and Prevention. 43: 134–142. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2010.08.003. PMID 21094307.
  232. ^ "Text messaging not illegal but data clear on its peril". Democrat and Chronicle.
  233. ^ de Waard, Dick; Schepers, Paul; Ormel, Wieke; Brookhuis, Karel (January 2010). "Mobile phone use while cycling: Incidence and effects on behaviour and safety". Ergonomics. 53 (1): 30–42. doi:10.1080/00140130903381180. hdl:11370/1ad6e9a1-37c9-44fb-8978-65dbdce42456. PMID 20069479.
  234. ^ Copeland, Larry. "Drivers still Web surfing while driving, survey finds". USA TODAY.
  235. ^ Burger, Christoph; Riemer, Valentin; Grafeneder, Jürgen; Woisetschläger, Bianca; Vidovic, Dragana; Hergovich, Andreas (2010). "Reaching the Mobile Respondent: Determinants of High-Level Mobile Phone Use Among a High-Coverage Group" (PDF). Social Science Computer Review. 28: 336–349. doi:10.1177/0894439309353099.
  236. ^ "BBC NEWS - UK - UK Politics - Drivers face new phone penalties". news.bbc.co.uk.
  237. ^ "BBC NEWS - UK - Magazine - Careless talk". news.bbc.co.uk.
  238. ^ "Illinois to ban texting while driving - CNN.com". CNN. August 6, 2009. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
  239. ^ Steitzer, Stephanie (July 14, 2010). "Texting while driving ban, other new Kentucky laws take effect today". The Courier-Journal. Archived from the original on January 19, 2013. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
  240. ^ "Distracted Driving Laws". Public Health Law Research. July 15, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  241. ^ Yetisen, A. K.; Martinez-Hurtado, J. L.; et al. (2014). "The regulation of mobile medical applications". Lab on a Chip. 14 (5): 833–840. doi:10.1039/C3LC51235E. PMID 24425070.
  242. ^ Mobile Malware Development Continues To Rise, Android Leads The Way.
  243. ^ Mylonas Alexios; Tsoumas Bill; Dritsas Stelios; Gritzalis Dimitris (2011). 8th International Conference on Trust, Privacy & Security in Digital Business (TRUSTBUS-2011). Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. pp. 49–61.
  244. ^ "The Mother Of All Android Malware Has Arrived". Android Police. March 6, 2011.
  245. ^ Perez, Sarah (February 12, 2009). "Android Vulnerability So Dangerous, Owners Warned Not to Use Phone's Web Browser". Readwriteweb.com. Archived from the original on August 10, 2011. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
  246. ^ "Lookout, Retrevo warn of growing Android malware epidemic, note Apple's iOS is far safer". Appleinsider.com. August 3, 2011. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
  247. ^ "Plea urges anti-theft phone tech". The San Francisco Examiner.
  248. ^ "Getting started with Anti-Theft Protection in BlackBerry 10 OS version 10. - Inside BlackBerry Help Blog". blackberry.com. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
  249. ^ "Vault 7: Wikileaks reveals details of CIA's hacks of Android, iPhone Windows, Linux, MacOS, and even Samsung TVs". Computing. March 7, 2017.
  250. ^ Greenberg, Andy (March 7, 2017). "How the CIA Can Hack Your Phone, PC, and TV (Says WikiLeaks)". WIRED.
  251. ^ Murugiah P. Souppaya; Karen A. Scarfone (June 21, 2013). "Guidelines for Managing the Security of Mobile Devices in the Enterprise". National Institute of Standards and Technology. doi:10.6028/NIST.SP.800-124r1. Special Publication (NIST SP) - 800-124 Rev 1. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  252. ^ "Use Your Smartphone As Securely As Possible". Security in-a-box.
  253. ^ Hoffman, Chris (October 23, 2014). "Reduce Eye Strain and Get Better Sleep by Using f.lux on Your Computer". How-To Geek. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
  254. ^ Blichert, Frederick (July 17, 2019). "How to enable Night Mode on Android to reduce eye strain". Retrieved November 8, 2019.
  255. ^ "Stop your gadgets from keeping you awake at night". CNET. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
  256. ^ Kalsbeek, Andries (2012). The Neurobiology of Circadian Timing Elsevier. pp. 382.
  257. ^ Luisa Dillner. "Should I keep my smartphone and tablet out of my bedroom?". The Guardian. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
  258. ^ "Are smartphones disrupting your sleep?". ScienceDaily. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
  259. ^ Mahesh Sharma. "Switching off your smartphone at night makes you more productive". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved June 17, 2014.

External links