Socialist Party of Serbia

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Socialist Party of Serbia

Социјалистичка партија Србије
Socijalistička partija Srbije
AbbreviationSPS
PresidentIvica Dačić
Honorary PresidentMilutin Mrkonjić
FounderSlobodan Milošević and Milutin Mrkonjić
Founded17 July 1990; 29 years ago (1990-07-17)
Merger ofSKS and SSRNJ
HeadquartersStudentski trg 15,
Belgrade
IdeologyDemocratic socialism[1][2]
Social democracy[3]
Left-wing populism[1]
Left-wing nationalism[1][4]
Political positionCentre-left to left-wing[5]
National affiliationSPS-JS coalition
Colours     Red
SloganMi stojimo postojano
(We stand firm)[6]
Anthem
"Himna SPS"[6]
"Anthem of the SPS"
National Assembly
20 / 250
Assembly of Vojvodina
8 / 120
City Assembly of Belgrade
7 / 110
Party flag
Flag of the Socialist Party of Serbia
Website
www.sps.org.rs

The Socialist Party of Serbia (Serbian: Социјалистичка партија Србије, romanized: Socijalistička partija Srbije; abbr. СПС or SPS) is a left-wing populist political party in Serbia that identifies as democratic socialist[7] and social-democratic.[8] The Socialist Party of Serbia was the direct descendant of the League of Communists of Serbia. Throughout its existence, the party has utilised some nationalist rhetoric and themes,[9][10][11] and has therefore been labelled a Serbian nationalist[12] party, although the SPS has never identified itself as such.[13][14][15]

History[edit]

The Socialist Party of Serbia was founded in 1990 as a merger between the League of Communists of Serbia, led by Slobodan Milošević, and the Socialist Alliance of Working People of Serbia, led by Radmila Anđelković.[16]

Its membership from its foundation in 1990 to 1997 involved many elements of the social strata of Serbia, including: state administrators, including business management elites of state-owned enterprises; employees in the state-owned sector; less privileged groups farmers; and dependants (the unemployed and pensioners).[17] From 1998 to 2000, its membership included: apparatchiks at administrative and judicial levels; the nouveau riche, whose business success was founded solely from their affiliation with the government; top army and police officials and a large majority of the police force.[18] Following its foundation, the SPS demanded strict loyalty to its leader, Milošević, by top party officials and any sign of independence from such loyalty led to expulsion from the party. Anyone who went against policy as defined by the party leadership could face sanctions or expulsion.[19]

Slobodan Milošević

The SPS during the Milošević era, has been accused by opposition of using an authoritarian style of rule and allowing a criminal economy to exist in Serbia including personal profiteering by the Milošević family from illegal business transactions in the arms trade, cigarettes and oil, although this illegal business was caused by the UN sanctions, and none of accusations for personal profiteering were ever proven at the court.[20] Opposition media to the SPS or Milošević's administration were harassed by threats; media members involved were fired or arrested; independent media faced high fines mostly by Ministry of information led by the Serbian Radical Party's Aleksandar Vučić; state-sponsored paramilitaries seized radio equipment of opposition supporters; and in April 1999, the owner and distributor of the most popular daily newspaper in Serbia was killed, and although it was never proven on court that murder had any connections to SPS, opposition media and parties claimed so, but couldn't prove it even after they came to power.[21] The SPS maintained the Communist era policy of maintaining connection with official trade unions; however, independent trade unions faced hostility and their activists were brutalized by police while in custody.[21] As time went on, the Socialist Party of Serbia became increasing isolationist and Anti-Western.[22]

The party won the first elections in Serbia with 194 out of 250 seats and 77.6% of the popular vote.[23] From 1992 it governed in coalition with other parties – initially with the Serbian Radical Party, and from 1993 with the New Democracy Party. They also contested elections in coalition with Yugoslav Left, a party led by Milošević's wife Mirjana Marković.

With the ousting of Milošević in 2000, the party became a part of the opposition. In the 2003 Serbian general elections, the party won 7.6% of the popular vote and 22 out of 250 seats in the National Assembly of Serbia. In 2004, however, its candidate in the presidential election, Ivica Dačić, placed fifth with 3.6% of the vote.

In 2007 parliamentary elections, the Socialist Party of Serbia won 16 seats with 227,580 or 5.64% of votes. It formed a sole parliamentary group, with Ivica Dačić as president and Žarko Obradović as vice-president. It won 14 seats outright while a single seat was given to its new partner, the Movement of Veterans of Serbia and non-partisan Borka Vučić, who became the transitional speaker, also received a seat.

In the 2008 parliamentary election, the SPS and the Party of United Pensioners of Serbia (PUPS) have strengthened their links by forming a coalition, on which United Serbia and Movement of Veterans of Serbia were present. The coalition won 23 seats with 313,896 or 7.58 percent of votes. SPS and its coalition partners entered post-election coalition with the For a European Serbia group.[24]

In 2010, SPS introduced a new program, declares to be democratic leftists, opposing populism, racialism and privatization, advocating Socialism of the 21st century, including elements of liberalism and social justice.[25]

In 2018, SPS introduced another program, declaring itself to be in favor of privatization while simultaneously advocating for democratic socialism and Serbia's entry into the European Union.[26]

The SPS is a senior coalition member with the Serbian Progressive Party in the Serbian government, since 2012.

Policies[edit]

The SPS was formed as a coalition of the League of Communists of Serbia and the Socialist Alliance of Working People of Serbia, and Slobodan Milošević was elected its president. As the successor of the League of Communists, the party became the most dominant in Serbia; Milošević as President of the SPS was able to wield considerable power and influence in the government and the public and private sectors.[27] Milošević came to power promising the strengthening of Serb influence in Yugoslavia by reducing the autonomy of the provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina within Serbia,[28][29] and had demanded a one-member-one vote system for the League of Communists of Yugoslavia which would have given a numerical majority to the Serbs. This course was a factor in the splintering of the Yugoslav Communist party, and caused the Serbian communist elite to take part in the creation of the Socialist Party of Serbia.[citation needed]

The political programme of the SPS has stated its intention to develop "Serbia as a socialist republic, founded on law and social justice."[30] The party made economic reforms outside of Marxist ideology such as recognizing all forms of property and intended a progression to a market economy while at the same time advocating some regulation for the purposes of "solidarity, equality, and social security".[30] In power however, the party enacted policies that were negative to workers rights, such as ending the Communists' worker participation programs. Beginning in its political programme of 1992, the SPS has supported a mixed economy, stating: "the Socialist Party of Serbia advocates a modern, mixed economy representing a synthesis of those elements of liberal and socialist models that have so far proved to be successful in the history of modern society and in our own development."[31] The SPS advocated the transition from a planned economy to a mixed economy, with both public and private sectors.[32] Despite this, many accused Slobodan Milošević of creating a kleptocracy, transferring ownership of much of the industrial sector to his political allies and financiers.

The party endorsed the principle of full equality of all the Yugoslav peoples and ethnic minorities.[30]

Nationalist activity[edit]

From 1990 to 1993, the party endorsed supporting the Serbs in Bosnia & Herzegovina and Croatia who wished to remain in Yugoslavia.[33] As Croatia and Bosnia declared independence, the involvement by the SPS as a ruling party in Belgrade had become more devoted to helping the external Serbs run their own independent entities. The SPS was in coalition with the nationalist Serbian Radical Party (SRS) at the time.[33] Milošević responded to press questions of whether the Serbian government approved the Bosnian Serbs, by claiming that the Serbian government did not directly support the Srpska government or Serb military forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina in their war but claimed that Serbs had the right to self-determination. Fellow SPS member and government official Borisav Jović - in the 1995 BBC Documentary "The Death of Yugoslavia" - denied this and claimed Milošević did endorse the transfer of Bosnian Serb federal army forces to the Bosnian Serb Army in 1992 to help achieve Serb independence from the Alija Izetbegović government of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[34]

Upon the Republic of Macedonia seceding in 1991, the Milošević government declared Macedonians an "artificial nation" and Serbia allied with Greece against the Republic of Macedonia, even suggesting a partition of the Republic of Macedonia between the FR Yugoslavia and Greece.[35] Subsequent interviews with government officials involved in these affairs revealed that Milošević planned to arrest the Republic of Macedonia's political leadership and replace it with politicians loyal to Serbia. Milošević demanded the self-determination of Serbs in the Republic of Macedonia.[35]

In 1998, five years after a split between the SPS and the Radicals, the party returned to its more successful coalition with the Serbian Radical Party as Kosovo-Albanian separatism was on the rise.[33]

Four members of SPS, Slobodan Milošević, Milan Milutinović, Nikola Šainović and Vlajko Stojiljković, were charged by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) with crimes against humanity including murder, forcible population transfer, deportation and "persecution on political, racial or religious grounds" in connection to the wars in Bosnia, Croatia, and Kosovo.[36] Stojiljković committed suicide and Milošević died in ICTY custody before sentencing. The ICTY said in other judgments that there was insufficient evidence that Milošević had supported plans to expel non-Serbs from war-affected territories.[37][38]

The ICTY sentenced Šainović to 22 years in prison, following a conviction for crimes against humanity and war crimes, including deportations and forcible transfers, murders and other persecutions of Kosovo Albanians.[39][40] Milutinović was found not guilty on all charges on 26 February 2009.[41]

Post-Milošević[edit]

The Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia reported that in reaction to the 2008 declaration of Kosovo independence, SPS leader Ivica Dačić said he would call for a ban on all political parties and NGOs in Serbia which would recognise Kosovo independence.[42]

Deviation from nationalism[edit]

Ivica Dačić has led the Socialist Party since 2006

The SPS is direct successor to the Serbian communists so party membership has never been exclusive to Serbs; as such, the SPS has contained non-Serb figures such as Rrahman Morina (ethnic Albanian); and ethnic Hungarians Verona Ádám Bokros and Mihalj Kertes.[43] In addition, the party engaged in discussions with Croatian and Bosnian leaders, particularly during the early stages of the Yugoslav wars. The SPS, unlike the right-wing nationalist Serbian Radical Party, also joined other parties in negotiations with ethnic Kosovo-Albanian politicians to resolve outstanding disputes and stop the Kosovo War.[44] The SPS however was unwilling to grant secession of any territory from FR Yugoslavia which formed in 1992.

In contrast to right-wing nationalist sentiment and contrary to the wishes of the early nationalist enthusiasts of the SPS, the party did not pursue a policy in which it would absorb Montenegro as the Kingdom of Serbia had done to the Kingdom of Montenegro in 1918. The plan was for Montenegro to continue to function alongside Serbia with all local affairs governed internally. In addition, at the Anti-bureaucratic revolutions, conducted whilst SFR Yugoslavia was active, the demonstrations in Kosovo and Vojvodina (as well as Montenegro) stopped short of calling for their respective entities to be abolished, they instead concentrated on ousting the authorities to replace them with pro-SPS loyalists. Right-wing Serbian nationalists in turn conceive no such Serbian state in which internal entities be granted self-rule.

Despite the bitterness towards the Macedonian nation whose locals rejected Serbian ethnicity, the SPS which governed FR Yugoslavia recognised the Republic of Macedonia in 1996. Four years before this milestone however, JNA troops and remnants of Belgrade's central government had peacefully and voluntarily left Macedonia.[45]

These policies adopted by the SPS created an uneasy relationship with the Radicals, a characteristic which culminated between 1993 and 1998 when the two parties had split and SRS leader Vojislav Šešelj even found himself imprisoned for a time. In this crucial period, the SPS broke away from the coalition with the Radicals and officially opposed the Bosnian Serb government of Radovan Karadžić by passing economic sanctions against it, as Karadžić was opposing peace initiatives and the party criticised the discriminatory nationalism of Karadžić's administration.[33] In 1995, Slobodan Milošević signed the Dayton Agreement on behalf of the Bosnian Serbs to end the Bosnian war and this infuriated the SRS and Serbian nationalists - relations between Milošević and Radovan Karadžić and other Bosnian Serb politicians had already soured by this point. For having signed the Dayton Agreement, Šešelj branded Milošević the "worst traitor in Serbian history".[46]

Meanwhile, the very union itself between the Radicals and the SPS was the subject of controversy among Serbian nationalists, World War II Chetnik commander Momčilo Đujić,[47] who granted the title of Vojvoda (Duke) to Šešelj in 1989, went as far as to revoke the Radical leader's honorary status for his association with Milošević. The former United States ambassador to Yugoslavia Warren Zimmermann admitted Milošević was not a genuine nationalist, but claimed nevertheless he was "an opportunist".[48]

Presidents of the Socialist Party of Serbia (1990–present)[edit]

# President Born–Died Term start Term end
1 Slobodan Milošević Stevan Kragujevic, Slobodan Milosevic, portret.jpg 1941–2006 17 July 1990 24 May 1991
2 Borisav Jović Borisav Jovic cropped.jpg 1928– 24 May 1991 24 October 1992
3 Slobodan Milošević[nb 1] Stevan Kragujevic, Slobodan Milosevic, portret.jpg 1941–2006 24 October 1992
11 March 2006
(died in office)
4 Ivica Dačić[nb 2] Ivica Dacic 2013.jpg 1966– 11 March 2006 Incumbent

Acting leaders during the incarceration of Milošević[edit]

Milošević was incarcerated at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) from 2001 to 2006. Ref:[49]

Electoral results[edit]

Parliamentary elections[edit]

Year Leader Popular vote % of popular vote # of seats Seat change Coalitions Government
1990 Slobodan Milošević 2,320,587 46.09%
194 / 250
 Increase 194 government
1992 1,359,086 28.77%
101 / 250
 Decrease 93 government
1993 1,576,287 36.65%
123 / 250
 Increase 22 government
1997 1,418,036 34.26%
85 / 250
 Decrease 38 Left Coalition government
2000 515,845 13.76%
37 / 250
 Decrease 48 opposition
2003 Ivica Dačić 291,341 7.62%
22 / 250
 Decrease 15 gov′t support
2007 227,580 5.64%
16 / 250
 Decrease 6 opposition
2008 313,896 7.58%
12 / 250
 Decrease 4 With PUPS-JS government
2012 567,689 14.51%
25 / 250
 Increase 13 With PUPS-JS government
2014 484,607 13.49%
25 / 250
 Steady 0 With PUPS-JS government
2016 413,770 10.95%
21 / 250
 Decrease 4 With JS-ZS-KP government
2020
0 / 250
 With JS

Years in government (1990– )[edit]


Federal elections[edit]

Year Popular vote
(in Serbia) 		% of popular vote # of seats Seat change Coalitions Government
May 1992 1,655,485 48.9%
73 / 136
 Increase 73 government
1992–93 1,478,918 33.3%
47 / 138
 Decrease 26 government
1996 1,848,669 45.3%
52 / 138
 Increase 5 Left Coalition government
2000 1,532,841
(Chamber of Citizens)
1,479,583
(Chamber of Republics) 		33.8%
(Chamber of Citizens)
32.6%
(Chamber of Republics)
44 / 138
(Chamber of Citizens)
coalition seats
7 / 40
(Chamber of Republics)
coalition seats 		Decrease 20
(Chamber of Citizens) 		Left Coalition opposition

Presidential elections[edit]

President of Serbia
Election year # Candidate 1st round votes % 2nd round votes % Notes
1990 1st Slobodan Milošević 3,285,799 65.34% — —
1992 Steady 1st Slobodan Milošević 2,515,047 53.24% — —
Sep 1997 Decrease 2nd Zoran Lilić 1,474,924 37.70% 1,691,354 47.90% Election declared invalid due to low turnout
Dec 1997 Increase 1st Milan Milutinović 1,665,822 43.70% 2,181,808 59.23%
Sep–Oct 2002 Decrease 6th Velimir Živojinović 119,052 3.34% — — Election declared invalid due to low turnout
Dec 2002 Increase 2nd Vojislav Šešelj 1,063,296 36.1% — — Election declared invalid due to low turnout
2003
Election boycott
2004 Decrease 5th Ivica Dačić 125,952 4.04% — —
2008 Increase 4th Milutin Mrkonjić 245,889 5.97% — —
2012 Increase 3rd Ivica Dačić 556,013 14.23% — —
2017 Increase 1st Aleksandar Vučić 2,012,788 55.05% — — Government coalition
President of FR Yugoslavia
Election year # Candidate 1st round votes % 2nd round votes %
2000 2nd Slobodan Milošević 1,826,799 37.15% — —

Accusations of illegal activities[edit]

Critics have accused the SPS of involvement with organised crime, blackmail, political assassinations (most notably Serbian President Ivan Stambolić), supporting paramilitary formations during the Yugoslav Wars, and profiteering from illicit drug and oil trade.[50] The party received 1,000,000 barrels (160,000 m3) worth of oil vouchers in the United Nations Oil-for-Food Programme.[51]

Relations to other parties[edit]

Until the final dissolution of a federal Yugoslav state in 2006, the Socialist Party of Serbia held close ties with the Yugoslav Left, a coalition of left-wing and communist factions led by Milošević's wife. The SPS has held close ties with the various political parties led by Momir Bulatović who had been installed as President of Montenegro with Milosević's aide, the SPS supported the Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro until Bulatović's ousting in 1998, Socialist People's Party of Montenegro under Bulatović from 1998 until his ousting in 2000, and the last one to be led by Bulatović is the People's Socialist Party of Montenegro. The SPS holds ties with a branch party in the Republic of Srpska in Bosnia & Herzegovina, the Socialist Party of Republika Srpska which was founded in 1993.[52] After the Dayton Accord, a major rift occurred between this party and the Serbian Democratic Party of Radovan Karadžić.[53] In the short-lived enclave Serb state of the Republic of Serbian Krajina in Croatia, the SPS supported the Serbian Party of Socialists and particularly the election bid of Milan Martić for President of Serbian Krajina in 1993.

The SPS wants to join the Socialist International. In May 2008, Ivica Dačić travelled to Athens to meet President of Socialist International George Papandreou. During this meeting, Papandreou said that Socialist International was ready to initiate the process for the SPS's membership.[54] However, there is still some opposition within Socialist International to inviting the SPS, notably from the Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[55] while Jelko Kacin claimed that Democratic Party president Boris Tadic lied about not blocking SPS from joining Socialist International.[56]

As of 2012, SPS continues to seek closer ties with Europe's social democratic and socialist parties, and has hinted that it might consider apologising for its role in the 1990s wars.[57]

Positions held[edit]

Major positions held by Socialist Party of Serbia members:

President of the FR of Yugoslavia Years
Zoran Lilić 1993–1997
Slobodan Milošević 1997–2000
President of Serbia Years
Slobodan Milošević 1990–1997
Milan Milutinović 1997–2002
Prime Minister of Serbia Years
Dragutin Zelenović
1991
Radoman Božović 1991–1993
Nikola Šainović 1993–1994
Mirko Marjanović 1994–2000
Milomir Minić 2000–2001
Ivica Dačić 2012–2014
President of the Chamber of Citizens
of the Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia		 Years
Jugoslav Kostić 1992–1993
Radoman Božović 1993–1996
Milomir Minić 1996–2000
President of the National Assembly of Serbia Years
Slobodan Unković
1991
Aleksandar Bakočević 1991–1993
Zoran Lilić
1993
Zoran Aranđelović 1993–1994
Dragan Tomić 1994–2001
Slavica Đukić Dejanović 2008–2012
Chairmen of the Executive Council of Vojvodina Years
Jovan Radić 1990–1991
1991–1992
Radoman Božović
1991
Koviljko Lovre 1992–1993
Boško Perošević 1993–2000
Damnjan Radenković
2000
President of the Assembly of Vojvodina Years
Damnjan Radenković 1991–1992
Svetislav Krstić 1992–1993
Milutin Stojković 1993–1997
Živorad Smiljanić 1997–2000
Damnjan Radenković
2000
Mayor of Belgrade Years
Milorad Unković 1990–1993
Slobodanka Gruden 1993–1994
Nebojša Čović 1994–1997
Head of the Mission of Yugoslavia
to the United Nations		 Years
Vladislav Jovanović 1995–2000

See also[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

  • Branković, Srbobran (2002). András Bozóki; John T. Ishiyama (eds.). The Yugoslav "Left" Parties: Continuities of Communist Tradition in the Milošević Era. The Communist Successor Parties of Central and Eastern Europe. M. E. Sharpe. pp. 206–223.

References[edit]

Notes
  1. ^ Incarcerated at the ICTY from 2001 until his death in 2006
  2. ^ Acting party leader until 3 December 2006
Footnotes
  1. ^ a b c Stojarová, Věra. "Populism in the Balkans". Central European Political Studies Review. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  2. ^ Stojarová, Věra (2007). "Party politics in the Western Balkans". Bochsler, Center for Comparative and International Studies, University of Zurich. p. 18.
  3. ^ Mladenovic, Ivica. "Serbian Social Democracy in Transition: A View from the Periphery". European Left. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
  4. ^ Stojarová, Věra (2007). "Party politics in the Western Balkans". Bochsler, Center for Comparative and International Studies, University of Zurich. p. 16.
  5. ^ "Serbia election: Pro-EU Prime Minister Vucic claims victory". BBC. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
  6. ^ a b www.sps.org.rs (22 December 2018). "X. kongres SPS - MI STOJIMO POSTOJANO!". Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  7. ^ Alan John Day, Roger East, Richard Thomas. A political and economic dictionary of Eastern Europe. First Edition. Cambridge International Reference on Current Affairs, Ltd, 2002, p. 544.
  8. ^ Thompson, Wayne C. (2013). Nordic, Central, and Southeastern Europe 2013. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 444.
  9. ^ Pavlaković, Vjeran (2005). Serbia Transformed? Political Dynamics in the Milošević Era and After. Serbia since 1989. University of Washington Press. p. 17.
  10. ^ Prošić-Dvornić, Mirjana (2000). Apocalyptic Thought and Serbian Identity: Mythology, Fundamentalism, Astrology and Soothsaying as Part of Political Propaganda. Ethnologia Balkanica. 4. p. 166.
  11. ^ Miller, Nicholas (2005). Serbia and Montenegro. Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Land, and Culture. 3. ABC-CLIO. p. 560.
  12. ^ Janusz Bugajski (1995). Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties. M.E. Sharpe. p. 466. ISBN 978-0-7656-1911-2.
  13. ^ Janusz Bugajski. Political Parties of Eastern Europe: A Guide to Politics in the Post-Communist Era. Armonk, New York, USA: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2002, p. 399.
  14. ^ Christiane Lemke, Gary Marks. The crisis of socialism in Europe. Duke University Press, 1992, p. 101. ISBN 0822311976.
  15. ^ Pavlaković, Vjeran (2005). Serbia Transformed? Political Dynamics in the Milošević Era and After. Serbia since 1989: politics and society under Milošević and after. Seattle, Washington, USA: University of Washington Press. p. 17.
  16. ^ John Borrell (6 August 1990). "Yugoslavia The Old Demons Arise". Time. closed access
  17. ^ Branković, Srbobran (2002). The Yugoslav "Left" Parties. p. 208.
  18. ^ Branković (2002). The Yugoslav "Left" Parties. p. 209.
  19. ^ Branković, Srbobran (2002). The Yugoslav "Left" Parties. p. 210.
  20. ^ Branković, Srbobran (2002). The Yugoslav "Left" Parties. p. 217.
  21. ^ a b Branković, Srbobran (2002). The Yugoslav "Left" Parties. p. 216.
  22. ^ Bilefsky, Dan (7 July 2008). "Serbia approves pro-Western government". New York. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  23. ^ "Hronologija parlamentarnih izbora" [Chronology of Parliamentary Elections]. B92. 21 January 2007. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  24. ^ "Serbia's pro-West president claims election victory". CNN. 2008-06-11. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
  25. ^ "СОЦИЈАЛИСТИЧКА ПАРТИЈА СРБИЈЕ ГЛАВНИ ОДБОР" [Main Committee of the Socialist Party of Serbia] (PDF). Belgrade. 2010.
  26. ^ "Program Declaration Vision Serbia 2020" [Committee of the Socialist Party of Serbia] (PDF). Belgrade. 2018.
  27. ^ Heike Krieger (2001). The Kosovo Conflict and International Law: An Analytical Documentation 1974-1999. Cambridge University Press. p. 522. ISBN 978-0-521-80071-6.
  28. ^ Tove Malloy; Alexander Osipov; Balázs Vizi, eds. (2015). Managing Diversity through Non-Territorial Autonomy: Assessing Advantages, Deficiencies, and Risks. OUP Oxford. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-19-105832-5. LCCN 2015933280.
  29. ^ Eleftheria Rania Kosmidou (2013). European Civil War Films: Memory, Conflict, and Nostalgia. Routledge/Taylor & Francis. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-415-52320-2.
  30. ^ a b c Branković, Srbobran (2002). The Yugoslav "Left" Parties. p. 206.
  31. ^ Siniša Malešević. Ideology, legitimacy and the new state: Yugoslavia, Serbia and Croatia. London, England, UK; Portland, Oregon, USA: Frank Cass Publishers, 2002, p. 184-185.
  32. ^ Siniša Malešević. Ideology, legitimacy and the new state: Yugoslavia, Serbia and Croatia. London, England, UK; Portland, Oregon, USA: Frank Cass Publishers, 2002, p. 184.
  33. ^ a b c d Branković, Srbobran (2002). The Yugoslav "Left" Parties. p. 213.
  34. ^ Cohen, Roger (2 March 2006). "To His Death in Jail, Milosevic Exalted Image of Serb Suffering". New York. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  35. ^ a b Alice Ackermann. Making peace prevail: preventing violent conflict in Macedonia. Syracuse, New York, USA: Syracuse University Press, 2000, p. 72.
  36. ^ "Milosevic charged with Bosnia genocide". BBC. 23 November 2001. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
  37. ^ "Public Redacted Version of Judgement Issued on 24 March 2016 in Prosecutor vs. Radovan Karadžić, p. 1303" (PDF). ICTY. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
  38. ^ "Judgement Summary for Vlastimir Đorđević" (PDF). ICTY. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  39. ^ "Šainović profile". BBC News. 26 February 2009. Retrieved 26 February 2009.
  40. ^ "Sainović profile". The Hague Justice Portal. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
  41. ^ Kosovo trial clears Serbia leader. bbc.co.uk; accessed 17 May 2018.
  42. ^ "Revival of hate speech". Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia. 30 February 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2018. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  43. ^ "The Milosevic charge sheet". BBC News. 2 April 2001. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  44. ^ "Serb-Albanian Kosovo Roundtable". Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2008.
  45. ^ Jenny Engström (2002). The power of perception: The impact of the Macedonian question on inter‐ethnic relations in the republic of Macedonia (PDF). 1. pp. 3–17. doi:10.1080/14718800208405102. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.
  46. ^ "Vojislav Seselj: Milosevic's hard-line ally". BBC News. 10 April 1999. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  47. ^ International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia Slobodan Milosevic trial transcrips, Page 13852.
  48. ^ Zimmermann 1996, pp. 25.
  49. ^ "Serbian ministries, etc". rulers.org. B. Schemmel. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  50. ^ Branković, Srbobran (2002). The Yugoslav "Left" Parties. pp. 217–218.
  51. ^ "The Beneficiaries of Saddam's Oil Vouchers: The List of 270". The Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI). 29 January 2004.
  52. ^ Day, Alan J.; East, Roger; Thomas, Richard. 2002. A Political and Economic Dictionary of Eastern Europe. Routledge. P. 544
  53. ^ Day, Alan J.; East, Roger; Thomas, Richard. P. 545
  54. ^ "Serbian socialist party leader meets head of Socialist International". B92. 23 May 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  55. ^ "Protest against SPS SI membership". B92. 26 June 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  56. ^ "Kacin: Tadić sanja svoju istinu" (in Serbian). B92. 27 February 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  57. ^ "Serbia's deputy PM: 'SPS could apologise for problems in the 90s'". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity. 5 January 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2018.

External links[edit]

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