Summer solstice
| event | equinox | solstice | equinox | solstice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| month | March | June | September | December | ||||
| year | ||||||||
| day | time | day | time | day | time | day | time | |
| 2015 | 20 | 22:45 | 21 | 16:38 | 23 | 08:21 | 22 | 04:48 |
| 2016 | 20 | 04:30 | 20 | 22:34 | 22 | 14:21 | 21 | 10:44 |
| 2017 | 20 | 10:28 | 21 | 04:24 | 22 | 20:02 | 21 | 16:28 |
| 2018 | 20 | 16:15 | 21 | 10:07 | 23 | 01:54 | 21 | 22:23 |
| 2019 | 20 | 21:58 | 21 | 15:54 | 23 | 07:50 | 22 | 04:19 |
| 2020 | 20 | 03:50 | 20 | 21:44 | 22 | 13:31 | 21 | 10:02 |
| 2021 | 20 | 09:37 | 21 | 03:32 | 22 | 19:21 | 21 | 15:59 |
| 2022 | 20 | 15:33 | 21 | 09:14 | 23 | 01:04 | 21 | 21:48 |
| 2023 | 20 | 21:24 | 21 | 14:58 | 23 | 06:50 | 22 | 03:27 |
| 2024 | 20 | 03:07 | 20 | 20:51 | 22 | 12:44 | 21 | 09:20 |
| 2025 | 20 | 09:02 | 21 | 02:42 | 22 | 18:20 | 21 | 15:03 |
The summer solstice or estival solstice, also known as midsummer, occurs when one of the Earth's poles has its maximum tilt toward the Sun. It happens twice yearly, once in each hemisphere (Northern and Southern). For that hemisphere, the summer solstice is when the Sun reaches its highest position in the sky and is the day with the longest period of daylight. Within the Arctic circle (for the northern hemisphere) or Antarctic circle (for the southern hemisphere), there is continuous daylight around the summer solstice. On the summer solstice, Earth's maximum axial tilt toward the Sun is 23.44°. Likewise, the Sun's declination from the celestial equator is 23.44°.
The summer solstice occurs during summer.[3] This is the June solstice in the Northern Hemisphere and the December solstice in the Southern Hemisphere. Depending on the shift of the calendar, the summer solstice occurs sometime between June 20 and June 22 in the Northern Hemisphere[4][5] and between December 20 and December 23 in the Southern Hemisphere.[6] The same dates in the opposite hemisphere are referred to as the winter solstice.
Since prehistory, the summer solstice has been seen as a significant time of year in many cultures, and has been marked by festivals and rituals. Traditionally, in many temperate regions (especially Europe), the summer solstice is seen as the middle of summer and referred to as "midsummer". Today, however, in some countries and calendars it is seen as the beginning of summer.
Distinctions[edit]
Although the summer solstice is the longest day of the year for that hemisphere, the dates of earliest sunrise and latest sunset vary by a few days.[7] This is because the Earth orbits the Sun in an ellipse, and its orbital speed varies slightly during the year.[8]
Although the Sun appears at its highest altitude from the viewpoint of an observer in outer space or a terrestrial observer outside tropical latitudes, the highest altitude occurs on a different day for certain locations in the tropics, specifically those where the Sun is directly overhead (maximum 90 degrees elevation) at the subsolar point. This day occurs twice each year for all locations between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn because the overhead Sun appears to cross a given latitude once before the day of the solstice and once afterward. For example, Lahaina Noon occurs in May and July in Hawaii. See solstice article. For all observers, the apparent position of the noon Sun is at its most northerly point on the June solstice and most southerly on the December solstice.
Full moon[edit]
2016 was the first time in nearly 70 years that a full moon and the Northern Hemisphere's summer solstice occurred on the same day.[9] The 2016 summer solstice's full moon rose just as the Sun set.[10]
Cultural aspects[edit]
The significance given to the summer solstice has varied among cultures, but most recognize the event in some way with holidays, festivals, and rituals around that time with themes of religion or fertility.[11] In some regions, the summer solstice is seen as the beginning of summer and the end of spring. In other cultural conventions, the solstice is closer to the middle of summer.[12]
Solstice is derived from the Latin words sol (Sun) and sistere (to stand still).
Date[edit]
Celebrations[edit]
- Midsummer
- Dragon Boat Festival (East Asia)
- Christmas typically marks the southern summer solstice.
- Day of Private Reflection (Northern Ireland)
- Juhannus (Finland)
- Jāņi (Latvia)
- National Aboriginal Day (Canada)
- Tiregān (Iran)
- Fremont Solstice Parade (Fremont, Seattle, Washington, United States)
- Santa Barbara Summer Solstice Parade (Santa Barbara, California, United States)
- International Surfing Day
- International Yoga Day
- Fête de la Musique, also known as World Music Day
Winter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere[edit]
- Inti Raymi, Machu Picchu, Peru
- We Tripantu, (Mapuche, southern Chile)
- Willkakuti, an Andean-Amazonic New Year (Aymara)
Length of the day on the summer solstice of the north[edit]
The following tables contain information on the length of the day on the 20th June, close to the summer solstice of the Northern Hemisphere and winter solstice of the Southern Hemisphere (i.e. June solstice). The data was collected from the website of the Finnish Meteorological Institute on 20 June 2016[13] as well as from certain other websites.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]
The data is arranged geographically and within the tables from the longest day to the shortest one.
| Fennoscandia and the Baltic states | |||
| City | Sunrise 20 June 2016 |
Sunset 20 June 2016 |
Length of the day |
|---|---|---|---|
| Murmansk | — | — | 24 h |
| Bodø | — | — | 24 h |
| Rovaniemi | — | — | 24 h |
| Luleå | 1:00 | 21.6.2016 0:05 | 23 h 04 min |
| Kem’ | 1:44 | 23:42 | 21 h 58 min |
| Reykjavík | 2:55 | 21.6.2016 0:03 | 21 h 08 min |
| Trondheim | 3:02 | 23:37 | 20 h 35 min |
| Tórshavn | 3:36 | 23:21 | 19 h 45 min |
| Petrozavodsk | 2:55 | 22:33 | 19 h 38 min |
| Helsinki | 3:54 | 22:49 | 18 h 55 min |
| Saint Petersburg | 3:35 | 22:25 | 18 h 50 min |
| Oslo | 3:53 | 22:43 | 18 h 49 min |
| Tallinn | 4:03 | 22:42 | 18 h 39 min |
| Stockholm | 3:30 | 22:07 | 18 h 37 min |
| Riga | 4:29 | 22:21 | 17 h 52 min |
| Copenhagen | 4:25 | 21:57 | 17 h 32 min |
| Vilnius | 4:41 | 21:59 | 17 h 17 min |
| Europe | |||
| City | Sunrise 20 June 2016 |
Sunset 20 June 2016 |
Length of the day |
|---|---|---|---|
| Edinburgh | 4:26 | 22:02 | 17 h 36 min |
| Moscow | 3:44 | 21:17 | 17 h 33 min |
| Berlin | 4:43 | 21:33 | 16 h 49 min |
| Warsaw | 4:14 | 21:00 | 16 h 46 min |
| London | 4:43 | 21:21 | 16 h 38 min |
| Kiev | 4:46 | 21:12 | 16 h 26 min |
| Paris | 5:46 | 21:57 | 16 h 10 min |
| Vienna | 4:53 | 20:58 | 16 h 04 min |
| Budapest | 4:46 | 20:44 | 15 h 58 min |
| Rome | 5:34 | 20:48 | 15 h 13 min |
| Madrid | 6:44 | 21:48 | 15 h 03 min |
| Lisbon | 6:11 | 21:04 | 14 h 52 min |
| Athens | 6:02 | 20:50 | 14 h 48 min |
| Africa | |||
| City | Sunrise 20 June 2016 |
Sunset 20 June 2016 |
Length of the day |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cairo | 4:54 | 18:59 | 14 h 04 min |
| Dakar | 6:41 | 19:41 | 12 h 59 min |
| Addis Ababa | 6:07 | 18:46 | 12 h 38 min |
| Nairobi | 6:32 | 18:35 | 12 h 02 min |
| Kinshasa | 6:04 | 17:56 | 11 h 52 min |
| Dar es Salaam | 6:32 | 18:16 | 11 h 43 min |
| Luanda | 6:20 | 17:56 | 11 h 36 min |
| Jamestown | 6:49 | 17:59 | 11 h 10 min |
| Antananarivo | 6:21 | 17:21 | 10 h 59 min |
| Windhoek | 6:30 | 17:15 | 10 h 44 min |
| Johannesburg | 6:54 | 17:24 | 10 h 29 min |
| Cape Town | 7:51 | 17:44 | 9 h 53 min |
| Middle East | |||
| City | Sunrise 20 June 2016 |
Sunset 20 June 2016 |
Length of the day |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tehran | 5:48 | 20:23 | 14 h 34 min |
| Beirut | 5:27 | 19:52 | 14 h 24 min |
| Baghdad | 4:53 | 19:14 | 14 h 21 min |
| Jerusalem | 5:33 | 19:47 | 14 h 13 min |
| Manama | 4:45 | 18:32 | 13 h 46 min |
| Doha | 4:44 | 18:26 | 13 h 42 min |
| Riyadh | 5:04 | 18:44 | 13 h 39 min |
| Muscat | 5:19 | 18:55 | 13 h 35 min |
| Sana'a | 5:33 | 18:35 | 13 h 02 min |
| Americas | |||
| City | Sunrise 20 June 2016 |
Sunset 20 June 2016 |
Length of the day |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fairbanks | 2:57 | 21.6. 00:47 | 21 h 49 min |
| Nuuk | 2:53 | 21.6. 00:03 | 21 h 09 min |
| Iqaluit | 2:11 | 23:00 | 20 h 49 min |
| Anchorage | 4:20 | 23:41 | 19 h 21 min |
| Kodiak | 5:07 | 23:14 | 18 h 06 min |
| Sitka | 4:06 | 22:00 | 17 h 54 min |
| Unalaska | 6:34 | 23:41 | 17 h 06 min |
| Edmonton | 5:04 | 22:07 | 17 h 02 min |
| Vancouver | 5:06 | 21:21 | 16 h 14 min |
| Seattle | 5:11 | 21:10 | 15 h 59 min |
| Ottawa | 5:14 | 20:54 | 15 h 40 min |
| Toronto | 5:35 | 21:02 | 15 h 26 min |
| New York | 5:24 | 20:30 | 15 h 05 min |
| Washington, D.C. | 5:42 | 20:36 | 14 h 53 min |
| Los Angeles | 5:42 | 20:07 | 14 h 25 min |
| Miami | 6:30 | 20:14 | 13 h 44 min |
| Havana | 6:44 | 20:17 | 13 h 33 min |
| Honolulu | 5:50 | 19:16 | 13 h 25 min |
| Mexico City | 6:59 | 20:17 | 13 h 18 min |
| Managua | 5:21 | 18:11 | 12 h 50 min |
| Bogotá | 5:46 | 18:09 | 12 h 23 min |
| Quito | 6:12 | 18:19 | 12 h 06 min |
| Lima | 6:27 | 17:52 | 11 h 24 min |
| La Paz | 6:59 | 18:08 | 11 h 08 min |
| Rio de Janeiro | 6:32 | 17:16 | 10 h 43 min |
| São Paulo | 6:47 | 17:28 | 10 h 40 min |
| Porto Alegre | 7:20 | 17:32 | 10 h 12 min |
| Santiago | 7:46 | 17:42 | 9 h 56 min |
| Buenos Aires | 8:00 | 17:50 | 9 h 49 min |
| Ushuaia | 9:58 | 17:11 | 7 h 12 min |
| Asia and Oceania | |||
| City | Sunrise 20 June 2016 |
Sunset 20 June 2016 |
Length of the day |
|---|---|---|---|
| Provideniya | 0:52 | 22:16 | 21 h 23 min |
| Magadan | 3:37 | 22:19 | 18 h 41 min |
| Petropavlovsk | 4:58 | 21:55 | 16 h 56 min |
| Khabarovsk | 4:57 | 21:04 | 16 h 07 min |
| Ulaanbaatar | 5:52 | 21:54 | 16 h 01 min |
| Vladivostok | 5:32 | 20:55 | 15 h 22 min |
| Beijing | 4:45 | 19:46 | 15 h 00 min |
| Seoul | 5:11 | 19:56 | 14 h 46 min |
| Tokyo | 4:25 | 19:00 | 14 h 34 min |
| Shanghai | 4:50 | 19:01 | 14 h 10 min |
| Lhasa | 6:55 | 20:58 | 14 h 03 min |
| Delhi | 5:23 | 19:21 | 13 h 58 min |
| Kathmandu | 5:08 | 19:02 | 13 h 53 min |
| Taipei | 5:04 | 18:46 | 13 h 41 min |
| Hong Kong | 5:39 | 19:09 | 13 h 30 min |
| Manila | 5:27 | 18:27 | 12 h 59 min |
| Bangkok | 5:51 | 18:47 | 12 h 56 min |
| Singapore | 7:00 | 19:12 | 12 h 11 min |
| Jakarta | 6:01 | 17:47 | 11 h 45 min |
| Darwin | 7:06 | 18:29 | 11 h 23 min |
| Papeete | 6:27 | 17:32 | 11 h 04 min |
| Sydney | 6:59 | 16:53 | 9 h 53 min |
| Auckland | 7:33 | 17:11 | 9 h 37 min |
| Melbourne | 7:35 | 17:07 | 9 h 32 min |
| Dunedin | 8:19 | 16:59 | 8 h 39 min |
Length of day increases from the equator towards the North Pole in the Northern Hemisphere in June (around the summer solstice there), but decreases towards the South Pole in the Southern Hemisphere at the time of the southern winter solstice.
See also[edit]
- Daytime
- Stonehenge
- Tekufah
- Xiazhi (Summer solstice in Chinese culture)
References[edit]
- ^ United States Naval Observatory (January 4, 2018). "Earth's Seasons and Apsides: Equinoxes, Solstices, Perihelion, and Aphelion". Retrieved September 18, 2018.
- ^ Astro Pixels (February 20, 2018). "Solstices and Equinoxes: 2001 to 2100". Retrieved December 21, 2018.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-11-25. Retrieved 2016-11-12.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ "The June Solstice". Time and Date AS. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
- ^ "Solstice (astronomy)". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2011-06-25. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
- ^ "December Solstice". Time and Date AS. Archived from the original on 2012-01-18. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
- ^ "US Naval Observatory: Sunrise and Sunset Times Near the Solstices". Archived from the original on 18 June 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
- ^ "The Long Story (USNO explanation)". Archived from the original on 18 June 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
- ^ "Full Moon and Winter Solstice coincide on the same day". The Old Farmer's Almanac. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
- ^ "Full Moon and Summer Solstice coincide on the same day". The Old Farmer's Almanac. Archived from the original on 22 June 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
- ^ "Summer solstice celebrations of Christianity, Judaism, Neopaganism, etc". Religioustolerance.org. Archived from the original on 2011-06-28. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-11-14. Retrieved 2016-11-13.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ "Paikallissää Helsinki" [‘Local weather in Helsinki’] (in Finnish). Finnish Meteorological Institute. 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
- ^ "Jamestown, Saint Helena". Retrieved 2016-06-22.
- ^ "Fairbanks". Retrieved 2016-06-22.
- ^ "Nuuk". Retrieved 2016-06-22.
- ^ "Iqaluit". Retrieved 2016-06-22.
- ^ "Sitka". Retrieved 2016-06-22.
- ^ "Unalaska". Retrieved 2016-06-22.
- ^ "Provideniya". Retrieved 2016-06-22.
- ^ "Katmandu". Retrieved 2016-06-22.
- ^ "Edmonton, Canada". Retrieved 2016-06-22.
