sacer

Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *sākris (“sacred”), from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂k- (“to sanctify, to make a treaty”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈsa.ker/, [ˈsa.kɛr]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈsa.t͡ʃer/, [ˈsaː.t͡ʃɛr]

Adjective

sacer (feminine sacra, neuter sacrum); first/second-declension adjective (nominative masculine singular in -er)

1. sacred, holy, dedicated (to a divinity), consecrated, hallowed (translating Greek ἱερός)
   • c. 200 BCE, Plautus, Menaechmi V.5.38:

     at ego te sacram coronam surrupuisse Iovi scio

     And I know that you stole the sacred crown of Jupiter.

2. devoted (to a divinity for sacrifice), fated (to destruction), forfeited, accursed
   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid III.56:

     quid non mortalia pectora cogis / auri sacra fames

     Accursed hunger for gold, what do you not compel the hearts of men to do!

3. divine, celestial
   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid VIII.591:

     extulit os sacrum caelo tenebrasque resoluit

     lifts to the skies his countenance divine, and melts the shadows of the night away.

4. (only poetic and in post-Augustan prose) execrable, detestable, horrible, infamous; criminal, impious, wicked, abominable, cursed
   • c. 190 BCE, Plautus, Bacchides 4.6.14:

     ego sum malus ego sum sacer scelestus

     I am a bad one, I am a cursed one—a wicked one.

Declension

First/second-declension adjective (nominative masculine singular in -er).

Number	Singular				Plural
Case / Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	sacer	sacra	sacrum		sacrī	sacrae	sacra
Genitive	sacrī	sacrae	sacrī		sacrōrum	sacrārum	sacrōrum
Dative	sacrō		sacrō		sacrīs
Accusative	sacrum	sacram	sacrum		sacrōs	sacrās	sacra
Ablative	sacrō	sacrā	sacrō		sacrīs
Vocative	sacer	sacra	sacrum		sacrī	sacrae	sacra

Synonyms

• (accursed): scelestus
• (consecrated, sacred): augustus, sānctus
• (detestable): exsecrābilis, scelestus

Antonyms

• (holy): dēfānātus

Derived terms

• sacellum
• sacerarbōs
• sacerdōs
• sacrālis
• sacrārium
• sacrārius
• sacricola
• sacrifer
• sacrificō
• sacrilegus
• sacrima
• sacrō
• sacrōsānctus
• sacrum
• sacer vātēs

Related terms

Related terms

• sacerdōtālis
• sacerdōtium
• sacerdōtula
• sacrāmentālis
• sacrāmentum

• sacrātē
• sacrātiō
• sacrātor
• sacrificālis
• sacrificātiō

• sacrificātor
• sacrificātus
• sacrificiolus
• sacrificium
• sacrificulus

• sacrificus
• sacrilegē
• sacrilegium
• sanciō

Descendants

• Asturian: sacru
• Catalan: sacre
• Galician: sacro, sagro
• Italian: sacro

• Portuguese: sacro
• Romanian: sacru
• Sicilian: sacru
• Spanish: sacro

References

• sacer in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• sacer in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• sacer in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
• Carl Meissner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • (ambiguous) ritual; ceremonial: sacra, res divinae, religiones, caerimoniae
    
  • (ambiguous) to sacrifice: sacra, sacrificium facere (ἱερὰ ῥέζειν), sacrificare
    
  • (ambiguous) to profane sacred rites: sacra polluere et violare
    
• De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 532