Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wesaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈwe.sɑ.nɑ̃/

Etymology 1

From two different Proto-Indo-European roots:

• The present tense from *h₁ésti, from *h₁es-.
• The past tense from *h₂wes-.

Verb

*wesaną

2. to be

   Synonym: *beuną

3. to remain
4. to exist

Inflection

This verb is suppletive. The past and imperative are conjugated with the strong class 5 stem wes-, the remainder with an irregular stem (i)s-.

Conjugation of *wesaną (irregular, suppletive)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*immi	*sijǭ	—	—	—
2nd singular	*izi	*sijēs	*wes	—	—
3rd singular	*isti	*sijē	*wesadau	—	—
1st dual	*izū	*sīw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*izudiz	*sīþiz	*wesadiz	—	—
1st plural	*izum	*sīm	—	—	—
2nd plural	*izud	*sīþ	*wisid	—	—
3rd plural	*sindi	*sīn	*wesandau	—	—
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*was	*wēzį̄
2nd singular	*wast	*wēzīz
3rd singular	*was	*wēzī
1st dual	*wēzū	*wēzīw
2nd dual	*wēzudiz	*wēzīdiz
1st plural	*wēzum	*wēzīm
2nd plural	*wēzud	*wēzīd
3rd plural	*wēzun	*wēzīn
	present	past
participles	*wesandz	—

Derived terms

• *atwesaną
• *furaiwesaną
• *gawesaną
• *wēziz
• *wezōną
• *wistiz

Descendants

• West Germanic: *wesan
  • Old English: wesan, bēon
    • Middle English: *wesen
      • English: be
  • Old Frisian: wesa
    • North Frisian: weese
    • Saterland Frisian: weese
    • West Frisian: wêze
  • Old Saxon: wesan
    • Middle Low German: wēsen
      • Low German: wesen

        German Low German: wesen, ween

  • Old Dutch: wesan
    • Middle Dutch: wēsen
      • Dutch: wezen
        • Afrikaans: wees
  • Old High German: wesan
    • Middle High German: wësen
      • German: sein
      • Hunsrik: sin
      • Pennsylvania German: sei
• Old Norse: vera (earlier vesa)
  • Icelandic: vera
  • Faroese: vera
  • Westrobothnian: vera
  • Old Swedish: væra, vara
    • Swedish: vara
  • Danish: være
  • Norwegian:
    • Norwegian Bokmål: være
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: vera, vere
  • → English: wassail (< Old Norse ves heill)
• Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (wisan)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *wes- (“to graze”). Related to Proto-Celtic *westā (“food, feast”), Latin vēscor (“to make use of”).

Verb

*wesaną

2. to consume, feast

Inflection

Conjugation of *wesaną (strong class 5)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*wesō	*wesaų	—	*wesai	*?
2nd singular	*wisizi	*wesaiz	*wes	*wesazai	*wesaizau
3rd singular	*wisidi	*wesai	*wesadau	*wesadai	*wesaidau
1st dual	*wesōz	*wesaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*wesadiz	*wesaidiz	*wesadiz	—	—
1st plural	*wesamaz	*wesaim	—	*wesandai	*wesaindau
2nd plural	*wisid	*wesaid	*wisid	*wesandai	*wesaindau
3rd plural	*wesandi	*wesain	*wesandau	*wesandai	*wesaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*was	*wēzį̄
2nd singular	*wast	*wēzīz
3rd singular	*was	*wēzī
1st dual	*wēzū	*wēzīw
2nd dual	*wēzudiz	*wēzīdiz
1st plural	*wēzum	*wēzīm
2nd plural	*wēzud	*wēzīd
3rd plural	*wēzun	*wēzīn
	present	past
participles	*wesandz	*wezanaz

Derived terms

• *frawesaną
• *wistiz

Descendants

• Old English: wesan (“to feast”)
• Old High German: *wesan, firwesan
• Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (wisan)
  • Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (waila wisan), 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (frawisan)