Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁ésti
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
 |
This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Athematic root present of the root *h₁es-.
Verb[edit]
*h₁ésti (imperfective)[1]
- to be
Inflection[edit]
| Imperfective, athematic, active only | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *h₁ésti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *h₁sénti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₁ésmi | *h₁ésm̥ | — | *h₁ésoh₂ | *h₁syéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *h₁ési | *h₁és | *h₁és, *h₁sdʰí | *h₁ésesi | *h₁syéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *h₁ésti | *h₁ést | *h₁éstu | *h₁éseti | *h₁syéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *h₁swós | *h₁swé | — | *h₁ésowos | *h₁sih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *h₁stés | *h₁stóm | *h₁stóm | *h₁ésetes | *h₁sih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *h₁stés | *h₁stā́m | *h₁stā́m | *h₁ésetes | *h₁sih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *h₁smós | *h₁smé | — | *h₁ésomos | *h₁sih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *h₁sté | *h₁sté | *h₁sté | *h₁ésete | *h₁sih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *h₁sénti | *h₁sént | *h₁séntu | *h₁ésonti | *h₁sih₁ént |
| Participle | *h₁sónts | ||||
Descendants[edit]
- Anatolian: *ʔésti (see there for further descendants)
- Albanian: *esmi
- Albanian: jam
- Armenian:
- Balto-Slavic: *bū́ˀtei
- Celtic: *esti (see there for further descendants)
- Germanic: *wesaną (*immi, *izi, *isti etc.) (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic: *ehmi
- Ancient Greek: εἰμί (eimí)
- Indo-Iranian: *Hásti (see there for further descendants)
- Italic: *som, *ezom
- Latin: sum (see there for further descendants)
- Tocharian:
- Tocharian B: ste (“is”)
References[edit]
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
